Sexism in Advertising Essay - 791 Words

Ciera Colley M. Conklin ENC 1102-058 27 September 2011 Project 1: Ad Analysis It is obvious that women and men have play different roles in advertising. Men are portrayed as the dominant figure, while women are portrayed weak or as objects. For example, in this ad the male figure is taller and his face doesn’t have as much lighting as the female figure. Appearing in 1961, a time remembered by family values and consumerism, this ad for a Kenwood Chef food processor uses the stereotype of women being at the disposal of men. The audience is singled out through the text in the ad itself, which reads â€Å"I’m giving my wife a Kenwood Chef.† As men working was the main source of income for the average family in the 60s, the obvious†¦show more content†¦The logical fallacy, hasty generalization, is one that â€Å"usually lies behind a stereotype.† The author of this ad uses the 1960s society stereotype that women shouldn’t work, rather they should stay home and care for their family. Thinking back to the time peri od, this ad was probably a perfect advertising tactic. It goes well with the wanting of having a stable home and family during the time. The wife cooking and cleaning at home and the husband out working, so that he may buy his wife a Kenwood Chef. The feeling of the ad is a light, casual, humor or general happiness. Most of this feeling is coming from the female figure, as if she’s just received the Kenwood Chef as a gift from her husband. The author tries to convey to the husband how much happier his wife will be to cook for the family if she had the appliance. In conclusion, men and women play different roles in advertising. Men are portrayed as the dominant figure, while women are portrayed weak or as objects. This ad has a strong appeal to the rhetorical appeals, kairos and pathos. Also, logical fallacy, hasty generalization, is quite present. The timing of the ad was during a time of family values and consumerism, so it made sense to have the male as the dominant figure. Works Cited Brasted, Monica. Care Bears vs. Transformers: Gender Stereotypes in Advertisements - The Socjournal. The Socjournal. 7 Feb. 2010. Web. 27 Sept.Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Sexism In Advertising898 Words   |  4 PagesLarge corporations will do what it takes to sell their products. Sex sells and has for a long time there for businesses exploit this while negative stereo types are associated with women. This may not seem like an issue for some however the sexism people see in advertisements find their way into the status quo. Young children even educated adults absorb the information they see in advertisements and deem what they represent appropriate and then reproduce it essentially dehumanizing women. VintageRead MoreSexism in Advertising and General Media Essays898 Words   |  4 Pagesgender. Stereotypes in advertising conform to these gender soles. To be feminine in the United States is to be attractive, deferential, nonaggressive, emotional, nurturing, and concerned with people and relationships. To be masculine is to be strong, ambitious, successful, rational, and emotionally controlled. This cultural script has been written into the culture long before a baby is born. It is transmitted to children through family, peers, teachers, and the media. Advertising mirrors society, andRead MoreSexism Within Advertising : A New Era Of Social Justice1397 Words   |  6 PagesSexism within Advertisements As a whole, this society has greatly improved, with new cures to old diseases, more efficient ways to complete daily tasks, and new technology with information at our fingertips. Along with these newfound practices, humanity has also given rise to a new era of social justice. Humans everywhere are working everyday to ensure everyone is treated with equality and respect. 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These commercials can range from selling beer to selling cars (Sadiq). From sports to personal hygiene and home improvement products. Almost every commercial has someone missing proper attire, or insinuating the other is dumb or not as intelligent. TheseRead MoreSexism in The Work Place Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Sexism is the ideology that maintains that one sex is inherently inferior to the other. Sexism or discrimination based on gender has been a social issue for many years; it is the ideology that one sex is superior or inferior to the other. Sexism does not only affect females, but also males. Men are very often victimized by social stereotypes and norms based on gender expectations. Sexism has appears in almost all social institutions including family, the media, religion, sports, theRead MoreSexism Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesAn everlasting Conflict Sexism is categorized by extreme cases, but when in reality, both female and male parties execute sexism everyday even in the simplest forms. Though women tend to receive more grieve when it comes to sexist acts or sexist slurs made by men, the level of sexist disputes has decreases drastically with time. The play â€Å"Trifles† displays the major difference is the mindset of the split sexes. The setting presents a time when women were belittled and not taken seriously. SusanRead MoreRacism, Sexism, By Harper Lee And Kill A Mockingbird 1519 Words   |  7 Pagesmale stranger, sexism is still clearly an issue today. Our research and classic readings in our HWOC class suggest that women are often perceived as being lesser and are treated differently than men in the arts, in sports, at the office, and on the streets. This cultural mindset needs to change if sexism is to remain only on the pages of classic literature and be erased from local communities and modern society. In our HWOC class, there were a great deal of references to sexism in the major worksRead MoreRacism And Racism By Georg Simmel1527 Words   |  7 PagesThough unjust to believe, humanity has a strong history of sexism and racism. In a society where men dominated culture, the period of the 1960’s used sexism and racism, as wit, to attract American men. Advertising was used to entertain a society embarked in the ideas of sexism and racism, and in a period of revolutionary change in technology, the presentation of these ideas were very common. Two very important themes in humanity, man’s relationship to himself, and man’s relationship to his communityRead MoreThe Social Cognitive Theory Developed By Albert Bandura987 Words   |  4 Pageswhile women are not only much younger than their male costars, but promote products related to household chores and beauty products (277). Numerous studies are finding that depicting women in advertisements in submissive or ster eotypical roles, the advertising industry is only aiding in societies perception of a woman’s lack of strength which can be dangerous to their safety. Francisco Pereira conducted a study that aimed to show the difference of how men and women are portrayed in television advertisements

Devry Eng 135 Week 1 - 4163 Words

http://www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/eng1001/introductions.htm https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2015/02/identity-theft-tops-ftcs-consumer-complaint-categories-again-2014 http://blog.fraudfighter.com/bid/94512/Aug-14-2013-Identity-Theft-The-Fastest-Growing-Crime-in-America How can I prevent identity theft? Some of the things you can do and not a victim yet is to monitor your credit and keeping your information safe. We talked about not only making sure your information is safe when you’re out in the public, such as only carrying one credit card when you really need it, not carrying your social security card and birth certificate just to name a few, We don’t need to have these things with us everyday. Just keep the common†¦show more content†¦Many people receive unsolicited mail offering preapproved credit cards, but throw this mail away. Criminals can use this information to activate and use the credit card. The Internet has vastly expanded the opportunities for identity theft. A particularly prevalent form of cyber theft is known as phishing. This occurs when cybercriminals use spam, e-mail, or other messages to trick people into submitting personal information. As phishing has become more sophisticated, criminals have developed ways to gain access to such data merely by having the user click on the link. Phishers often pool stolen information and sell it on the black market via online forums. Max Ray Vision ran one such site, CardMarkets.com. When Vision was arrested in 2007, computers in his home contained some 1.8 million stolen credit card and bank account numbers. This information allowed Vision and his associates to make more than $86 million in fraudulent purchases. Hackers can gain access to the computer records of banks, credit card companies, hospitals, merchants, universities, government agencies, and other organizations. Though such breaches occur much more rarely than phishing, even one instance can give the hacker access to millions of people’s personal data, including Social Security numbers, birth certificates, driver’s license numbers, health records, employment records, and financial information. The FBI reports that, sinceShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesmanagement : case studies I Harold Kerzner. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-75167-0 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-471-75167-7 (pbk.) 1. Project management-Case studies. I. Title. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface xi 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 Lakes Automotive 3 Fems Healthcare, Inc. Clark Faucet Company 2 5 7 11 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kombs Engineering 13 Williams Machine Tool Company

Global Warming AD Free Essays

As the sun’s harmful rays beam through the depleting ozone layer the globe begins to warm, earths polar ice caps melt and slowly start the elimination of life. This ad demonstrates the cause and effect of global warming. The world inside the lower quadrant of the hourglass is slowly getting swallowed by the sea due to the melting ice caps above. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming AD or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within the hourglass there’s text stating â€Å"we are slowly running out of time, act now before it’s too late†. In the top of the hour glass a polar bear and penguin sit upon two nearly melted ice caps. The world below has cars driving into a city passed chopped down trees, and a gas station. Although the ad appears to be warning us of global warming, it’s actually warning us of our own selfishness! The ad uses three main tactics to achieve this, presentation of text, types of images, and image composition. The advertisers decided to use presentation of text in a subtle way to get their point across. The display of the text in this ad has diminutive properties. This relates to the feeling human beings have towards the situation of global warming. It indicates that we conveniently believe it’s a small issue and doesn’t need to be presented as a major problem. People avoid the truth and would rather just pass it on to the next generation to deal with. The use of this tactic helps sell the idea that we are to selfish to address the situation. Even though we have scientific evidence that global warming is happening, and that the polar ice caps are melting, people still don’t want to make it an issue. People would rather act selfish and destroy the earth then be inconvenienced and have to give up their comfortable lives. A stronger tactic used by the advertiser is the use of types of images, which provides us with further evidence. The types of images used in this ad show the advertisers point in a more straight forward manner. They use the images of street lights leading up to a city full of high-rises to provide us with the notion that we abuse energy. On the sides of the road there’s chopped down trees and a gas station indicating how human beings rape our land of its natural resources. Cars fill the street showing a luxury that pollutes and destroys the earth. All of which directly correlates with the image of the melting polar ice caps in the top of the hourglass. Once again it sells the idea that the ad informs us of our own selfishness. It indicates that people will do anything for their luxuries, even if it destroys our own planet. Providing evidence that our selfishness will not let anything stand between us and the things we love, even at the highest cost. By using a less noticeable, although stronger tactic, composition of images provides us with further evidence of their strategy. Image composition is the last and strongest tactic used by the advertiser. In the top frame of the hourglass the ice cap sits in pure blue water. In the lower section of the hourglass the earth is being swallowed by stagnant deathly water indicating the lack of life. Plus in the top frame a polar bear and a penguin sit perched anticipating their final moments of life as their worlds slowly melt away. As two birds hover above ground as their world disappears as well. This sells the idea by showing that people are too selfish to care not just about their own lives, but also every other life on this planet. Other creatures are going to die directly caused by our actions. The sea water levels are going to rise while the land becomes engulfed causing life on earth to diminish. And we are too selfish to look around and realize that we are destroying all habitats. Yet we still act like we are alone on this planet. This ad warns us of both global warming and our selfishness as human beings. By combining three tactics, presentation of text, types of images, and image composition the advertisers show us the affects of both. The use of dying animals, abused natural resources, man made cars, and the melting polar ice cap allows us to see the correlation between the issue of global warming and our selfishness. The presentation of text raises the awareness of people thinking it’s not a major situation, thus selling the ideas of global warming and our selfishness towards the belief of global warming. Each involves us in a selfish manner and uses cause and effect to sell the product. If humans keep being selfish and don’t stop taking advantage of our planet, then there will be no planet left to take advantage of. How to cite Global Warming AD, Papers

Amen break free essay sample

The Amen break Is a 6 second (4 bar) drum solo, a break beat many believe to be the most sampled loop in music history. It helped spur the creative use of samplers and spawned an entire musical subculture. The Amen Break has become so universal that Neat Harrison, creator of the sound art installation Can I Get An Amen? argues it has entered into the collective audio subconscious. The Amen Break gets its name from The Winston song Amen Brother, a track on the B-side of their 1969 record Color Him Father. Neat Harrison traces the Incredible history of the Amen Break over the last 40 years.One appearance Is on Straight Auto Compton. Jungle music Des began experimenting with the solo, slicing and retooling each kick and each crash to a point of dance-ability and syncopation into a realm of pure beatification and self-indulgence. Hundreds and potentially thousands of tracks were created using the Amen Break. We will write a custom essay sample on Amen break or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The success of the Amen Break can be credited to several factors: Its raw and powerful energy, the mechanical creation of the sampler, ND the rapid demand for break beats by hip-hop and electronic artists.To fill this demand, record companies created compilation albums featuring songs with great break beats for convenient scratching and mixing. Amen Brother was included in the first Ultimate Breaks and Beats by Street Beat Records and on other sampling collections by third-party companies such as Zero-G Limited. Many believe the Amen Break carries a spiritual power and some hidden, universal meaning. Michael Schneider, a writer and educator, analyzed the waveform of the Amen Break and covered that the peaks of the waves correspond remarkably to the Golden Ratio.Schneider observed that when the wave was turned vertically, the Amen Break peaks aligned with the Golden Proportions of the ideal human body, as if the music represented the ideal human harmony in audio form. Unfortunately the fact that still remains is that third-party companies are selling the appropriated Amen Break as their own copyrighted material. Around the early sass, various copyrights existed for the same drum loop. On the one hand, this prevented the original artists from receiving a dime for their work.Yet at the same time, open access to their music sparked decades of musical innovation, the effects of which are still being seen in music today. When looking at media history, the threat of corporate entities seeking control over media theyve laid claim to is practically never-ending. As the latest creative sampler in the digital age, the Internet faces onslaught by proposals like SOAP and ACTA. As that happens, It will become more and more necessary to monitor he difference between copyright that protects the public good and copyright that advances private gain.But the SOAP and ACTA protests remind us of another thing-? creativity and its remarkable ability to come out on top. The use of the Amen Break alone is a striking example of the human ability to make creative work under strict confines. The self-imposed standard of Jungle music to work within the Amen could have been Its downfall, and yet to the Des, each Individual snare, each hi-hat, each music can develop into an entire subculture, Just think what we can do with eight.

A Documentary film and a Real Cinema Dramatization

Fable of Trade and Technology Essays

Fable of Trade and Technology Essays Fable of Trade and Technology Essay Fable of Trade and Technology Essay When thinking of the story of the hoax and fraud Mr.. X in a global context, the question is whether a member of the World Trade Organization can and should react similarly as the Congress did in the US. I think they should not react in this way. The reason that the member states of the WTFO should not act In this way, Is because one of the goals of this organization Is stimulating free trade, and in their view of further liberalizing trade they should allow Mr.. X his business. All that Mr.. X is doing is exporting products in order to generate earnings that can be used to import a variety of finished products, as TV, watches De. Which is also called indirect production. Mr.. X in this text is denounced as a fraud who is destroying American Jobs, because instead of producing the goods himself he is trading US goods on international markets against goods produced with cheap foreign labor. But because of this trade, North Carolina was booming. Because of this trade, employment expande d, wages rose and people were able to buy at low prices. My point is that International trade Is an economic acuity like any other and can Indeed usefully be thought of as a kind of production process that transforms exports Into Imports and that results to Geiger welfare. It is argued that because labor is cheaper abroad, Mr. X. Could import products which he could undersell in the united States, and if American business is not protected, the very standard of living in the United States is in danger. Of course, some Jobs will be lost but also many new Jobs will be created. Of course, producers do not like this kind of competition, but consumers can enjoy the low prices, spend more and the standard of living of a country will only rise. There are great welfare gains from International trade which are derived from exchange. Trade lets the US incinerate on producing these goods that It Is especially good at producing and exchange some of those goods for the things that It could produce Itself only at higher costs. The production possibilities frontiers (Fps) of the countries in this case are different and the tastes probably too (indifference curves), which means different relative prices. These difference in relative prices allows both countries (US and abroad) to enhance their national welfare by engaging in international trade. The gain from exchange is the result of domestic consumers substituting the relatively cheaper reign products for the relatively more expensive domestic products. We can also speak about this case In terms of opportunity costs and comparative advantage. Each country can reach a higher level of welfare by specializing In, and exporting, the good that has the lower opportunity costs and thus the good for which it has a comparative advantage. In this case, Mr.. X exported the products that had lower opportunity costs In ten us (coal, went, taco etc. ) Ana Imported products that had lower opportunity costs abroad (TVs, watches, textiles etc. . This trade led to a positive-sum game in which both players won. We can understand why some of the domestic producers in this case were hurt, by looking at it through the partial equilibrium model. Because the prices in the US fell, consumers gained a surplus. However, producers lost a part of their previous surplus. This means that the import-usin g consumers gained and import-competing domestic producers lost welfare, but the consumers gained more that the producers lost, so trade brought net gains. In one thing the American Congress was correct, and that is that they should urge more money for research in industrial technology. As the Slow growth model suggests, in the absence of technological progress, increased international trade can only cause medium-run growth as a result of the economys adjustment to a new steady state. Permanent economic growth is only possible with continued technological progress. And again, trade can stimulate technological progress in the country, because of learning by doing, learning by exporting and importing, and increased competition. Free trade and technological advance have similar effects. Both increase the range of choices open to consumers, but both also disrupt established producers. These reducers of course try to object to free trade, but eventually free trade will only increases national welfare. And of course, Mr.. X should not have acted so mysterious about his company and his way of producing. But his way of doing business was not wrong, on the contrary, it had only positive effects for North Carolina. He should not be seen as a hoax and a fraud, but as an entrepreneur who knew about the benefits of free trade and participated in this trade to increase national welfare. Member states of the WTFO should be more than pleased to have an entrepreneur like Mr.. X.

Politics and the English Language Research Paper

Politics and the English Language - Research Paper Example In order to clear the point the writer Orwell has given five examples of passages. Prof Harold Laski in his Freedom of Expression has written: â€Å"I am not, indeed, sure whether it is not true to say that the Milton who once seemed not unlike a seventeenth-century Shelley had not become, out of an experience ever more bitter in each year, more alien [sic] to the founder of that Jesuit sect which nothing could induce him to tolerate.† (Orwell, 1946, p.1) Orwell observed that in the cited passage there is having five negatives in fifty three words. The superfluous words are used in the passage that has made the write up non-sense and vagueness could have been avoided. It appears that the observations of Orwell are correct and significant. The second example is from Professor Lancelot Hog Ben’s† Interglossa† which reads as: â€Å"Above all, we cannot play ducks and drakes with a native battery of idioms which prescribes egregious collocations of vocables as the Basic put up with for tolerate, or put at a loss for bewilder.† (Orwell, 1946, p.1) Orwell is not convinced in using the phrase ‘ducks and drakes’ and he does not accept the word like ‘put up’ and ‘egregious’. The third instance cited by him referred to an Essay on psychology in Politics (New York): â€Å"on the one side we have the free personality: by definition it is not neurotic, for it has neither conflict nor dream. Its desires, such as they are, are transparent, for they are just what institutional approval keeps in the forefront of consciousness;† (Orwell, 1946, p.2). Orwell finds it to be meaningless but a reader can find out the meaning what it is intended in the article. The expressions by the writer  could have been made easier and imagery had the words been replaced appropriately. The fourth one is from a communist pamphlet: ‘All the "best

Summary & Critical Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary & Critical Response - Assignment Example The last argument of the author is that money students get for their work is spent carelessly. There are some students who save money for their college education. There are also some hard-working teenagers who need to work to help their families to make both ends meet. The majority of students, however, spend their earnings on fashionable clothing and entertainments. Overall, Etzioni comes to the conclusion that money quest should not be the most important thing in students’ life; they need to pay more attention to their education to find appropriate jobs in their later lives. Etzioni uses a lot of logical arguments to support his point of view, but it is not reasonable to claim that part-time jobs have no use for students at all. Together with all negative outcomes listed by Etzioni, they bring many relevant skills not only for future employment, but for life in general. Etzioni addresses this article to parents, while he forgets to mention many benefits students get when they work part-time. First of all, any work teaches students to organize their time in order to do everything they need during the day. Any work requires knowledge of time management to structure the day properly. Students who have to combine work and per-time jobs are often more organized and effective in their future lives. The second benefit of part-time jobs is the experience of socialization in totally different environment. Students are school have totally different interests and aim in their lives. People at work often have many things in common. Communicating with people at work can bring new ideas and insights to students. Moreover, they can switch the activity from intellectual to physical, which is also good to add some diversity to their lives. It is difficult not to agree with Etzioni that work at fast food chains is not a decent work. However, every work experience is life experience. Students who never work during their high school face

Synopsis and a critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synopsis and a critique - Assignment Example Coppa asserts that Pius XI, according to the evidence, was outspoken about the problems of racism and anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. Against the advice from those closest to him, he condemned Hitler and his practices on numerous occasions. He, also, gives detailed account of how his opponents in fact undermined his intentions and worked toward Vatican’s policies of silence. With his death, Eugenio Pacelli, Secretary of State, was elected to be the new pope, and he reigned the Catholic Church till 1958 as Pius XII. New pope was quite different from Pius XI. He openly stressed many times that he liked German people, which was reflected in the fact that his housekeeper, private secretary, and confessor all hailed from the Reich. He, also, was punctual and well organized, a characteristic often associated with Germans. Pius XII implemented new policy toward both Germany and Italy, a one of impartiality and appeasement toward Nazis and fascist. Coppa writes that â€Å"Pius refused to alter his impartial stance even though he received repeated reports of Nazi crimes against humanity in 1940 and 1941, and a series of sources within and outside the church alerted him to the genocide of the Jews. In May of 1942, Pius was told of the mass extermination (uccisioni in massa) of Jews from Germany, Poland, and the Ukraine while the military chaplain Father Pirro Scavizzi personally reported to Pius of the almost-total elimination of Jews through mass murder.† His position never changed and scholars are still looking for answers to why that was the case. Coppa uses pope’s own words to clarify the issue- â€Å"First, there are over forty million German-speaking Catholics. If I should denounce the Nazis by name as you desire and Germany should lose the war, Germans everywhere would feel that I had contributed to the defeat, not only of the Nazis but Germany herself†¦.Second, if I denounce the Nazis by name I must

I Love Lucy: The Popular TV Show

I Love Lucy: The Popular TV Show The baby blue, mascara spiked eyes widens, the head tilts, the electric orange curls bob, and the wide, lipsticked mouth takes another teaspoon full of Vitameatavegamin syrup. The ever popular TV show, I Love Lucy, is back on the air with a new season of drama packed episodes. Ready to record the commercial that will propel her into show business, Lucy Ricardo downs the nutritional syrup, unaware that the product contains twenty-four percent alcohol. As she advertises the virtues of the product, her awareness slowly drifts away, and her face slips into a stupefied straight stare. The innocent, child-like Lucy is thoroughly drunk and very funny. One of the most beloved housewives in media history manages to make a complete fool of herself once again and successfully enrages her husband. Lucille Ball was a comedienne, film, television, and radio actress, and the star of I Love Lucy. In 1951, the first episode of I Love Lucy, Lucy Thinks Ricky is Trying to Do Away with Her aired on public television; it became an instant favorite for viewers around the nation. What Lucille Ball achieved, however, had much more lasting impact. On top of being the first woman in television to be head of a production company, Lucille Ball became a pioneer that brought about the Golden Age of Television. Due to the success of I Love Lucy, Lucille Ball managed to establish television as a viable medium of entertainment in an era where media is dominated by filming industries; before I Love Lucy came about, television was mostly used as a means of keeping in touch. Not only did Ball change the face of television, she paved the path for future female actresses. Lucille Balls unique sense of humor, acquired through her own experiences, shaped the modern world of entertainment and left an irre placeable mark on society. Unlike her famous situation comedy alter ego Lucy Ricardo, Lucille Ball was not at all naive and clumsy. By the time I Love Lucy went on air in 1951, Ball was over forty and had been in show business, playing mostly glamour roles, for twenty years. Lucille Ball was born on August 6th, 1911 in Jamestown, New York. She lost her father, who was a mining engineer, at the age of four. Her mother, who was a concert pianist, encouraged her into the field of entertainment. At the age of 15, Lucille Ball pursued her dreams of becoming a part of vaudeville in John Murray Anderson Dramatic School. But unfortunately for her, by the time she hit New York City the era of vaudeville was over or as Ball said it Vaudeville was dead, but I didnt know it! Forced to live on doughnuts and coffee, Ball managed to make ends meet as a model and showgirl. Unsatisfied with her current living style, Ball managed to pull some string with an old friend and hooked up with an agent looking for support actresses in comedy routines and plays. Over the course of the next few years, Ball worked on many productions such as Room Service with the Marx Brothers. She was willing to work all sorts of parts that other female actresses did not want to take. They knew Id run, Id scream, Id fall Id do what I was asked to do. () Because of her willingness to learn how to act, she landed parts in The Three Stooges, Laurel and Hardy, and most male comics. Some of the unconventional parts that Ball took caused her to have a much more unconventional sense of humor in her later works. This marked a period of tremendous growth in Balls comedic style and image. She was becoming someone recognizable and likeable a personality type. Lucille Balls first major recognized work came in 1947. She was chosen as the lead actress for a radio show called My Favorite Husband, which was sponsored by CBS. Her experiences on My Favorite Husband contributed greatly to Balls style of humor and I Love Lucy. Through the radio show, Ball learned the basic elements of timing her lines to laughs coming from a live audience. She also developed a combination of slapstick with both sexuality and domesticity. () This set Ball apart from most previous American women film comedians; it was common for women in slapstick to be a support prop, victims of male-initiated comedy, or star grotesques who had neither conventional sexual allure nor the prospect of social normalization through marriage. () Lucille Ball became one of the first female comedians to have connections with the domestic Ball gave off the similar feeling of being a part of the family. In 1940, Lucille Ball fell in love and eloped with touring Cuban bandleader Desi Arnaz. They moved in together, married, and began a sequence of events that led to I Love Lucy. Because of the couples busy careers, they were frequently separated month at a time. Their marriage slowly fell apart. At that time Lucille Ball was offered by CBS to transfer her radio show My Favorite Husband to television. Ball, seeing this as an opportunity to patch up her marriage, brought her husband into the television show as the male lead. Thus I Love Lucy debuted on CBS in October 1951 and became an instant sensation. Eisenhowers presidential inauguration in January 1953 drew twenty-nine million viewers, but when Lucy gave birth to Little Ricky in an episode broadcast the next day forty-four million viewers (72% of all U.S. homes with TV) tuned in to I Love Lucy. I Love Lucy is arguably the TV show that had most influence on modern television media culture. Television in the 1950s was purely a domestic medium always showing images of marriage and family. The story of I Love Lucy reflected the couples own family life in the funhouse mirror of a sitcom premise. Lucy, played by Lucille Ball, is a frustrate housewife who longs to escape the confinement of her domestic role and participate in a larger public world, especially that of her husband Ricky, the leader of the Tropicana nightclub. Conflicts arise when Lucys desire to go beyond the roles of a housewife clash with Rickys equally passionate belief of a traditional housewife. This dynamic is established in the very first episode when Lucy disguises herself as a clown and sneaks into Rickys nightclub act. In all the consequent episodes following, Lucy rebels against the restrictions placed on the lives of domestic women, the boring routines of cooking and housework, taking care of the child ren, and the financial dependence upon the husband. Each episode centers upon Lucys acts of rebellion taking jobs, performing at clubs, making money-making schemes, or trying to fool Ricky are all in attempts to expose the absurd restrictions placed on women in a male-dominated society. Sadly, because of the era, her attempts are forever thwarted in every episode. By entering the public domain, Lucy inevitably makes a mess of things and is forced to retreat and return to the status quo of domestic life that is picked up in the next episode. However the message left by Lucy remains in the consciousness of viewers for the times to come. Balls style of comedy played a great role in conveying this message to the general audience. As a mere comedian from the perspective of an outsider such a message would probably not get much consideration. However, Balls type of domestic comedy allowed to her to much more than an outsider; in fact, the character Lucy is considered by many people as part of the family. Ball was able to get past the emotional barrier that many other comedians could not. Lucille Balls use of quick witted situational ironies combined with her position as an insider allows the much male-dominated audience to slowly accept the idea of women playing a more active role and having more power in society. On top of fighting for women rights, Lucille Balls I Love Lucy reached many milestones that became pivotal in shaping modern television. Programs before I Love Lucy were aired live from New York City studios to Eastern and Central time zone audiences. It was captured by kinescope for the viewers in the West Coast. Kinescope pictures quality was dramatically less than films. However, Ball and Arnaz took advantage of the movie industry filming techniques and captured their series on film. CBS allowed the couple to go through with their idea; in exchange for a cut in their salary, Ball and Arnaz gained one hundred percent ownership to the series. The idea of reruns had not been established or tested during her time, but Ball bet on the inevitable growth of television and ended up with huge returns an investment that quickly turned Ball and Arnaz into the first millionaire television stars. Lucille Ball has certainly left her mark on our society. Not only is she a pioneer in the struggle for equality amongst men and women, she shaped modern television into what we know today. Her title Queen of Comedy is well deemed. Along with her Living Legend Award and Legacy of Laughter Award, Lucille Ball paved the path for future female comedians to take stage. Anyone who has ever seen I Love Lucy will forever remember Balls signature laugh and her clumsiness which often times lead her into silly situations. Lucille Ball will forever be glorified in the hearts of Americans.

The Tragedy of War :: history

The Tragedy of War West Russia, World War II One winter day at dark down the artillery opened hurricane fire on the enemy’s positions. Soon came the squadron and geysers of soil and curls of smoke erupted from the earth. The front enemy’s dugouts were razed to the ground for the first ten minutes. White rockets occurred on the sky as though they were artificial constellations. Then the infantry began to shoot in order to destroy that which had been missed by the shells. The battle was won owing to one soldier – a slender, thin eighteen-year-old boy, named Sasha. There was an enormous machine-gun, skillfully hidden behind a stack of big stones. It starfed the whole road round a little bridge which was the only way to reach the fortification. No one was able to come closer and â€Å"dismantle† the private behind the cannon. If Sasha had not helped, enemy’s crafts would have come an hour later and would have killed all the soldiers on the battlefield. The commanders saw him among the cracks of the rocks. Then he disappeared. A few minutes later a bomb explosion was heard and the machine-gun ceased shooting. And there were no holdbacks for invasion. In the evening the chief commander of the companies called Sasha in his room. â€Å"You ignored my explicit instructions!† he cried. â€Å"That was the worst and recklessest thing to do!† The boy felt himself as the biggest traitor in the world. â€Å"But nevermind†, continued the commander. â€Å"I’ve decided to reward you with a seen-day-furlough for being so devoted to your country.† The boy smiled with satisfaction. â€Å"Where do you want to go?† asked the commander. â€Å"I’d like to visit my mother and father in Karanga.† â€Å"OK. I’ve provided you with a lorry to Petropavlovsk and from there you’ll have to catch up the train.† â€Å"Thank you, sir, thank you very much!† He went into the sleeping-hall and began to gather the things he needed. Then he called in at the field hospital to say â€Å"Goodbye† to his best friend Volodya. And Volodya gave him a little purse with money and asked him to deliver it to his wife in Petropavlovsk where Sasha was expected to catch up the train. At sunrise the next morning the young boy was already travelling with the lorry. In the cabin there were also two men – a driver and an ex-soldier – now an invalid because a shell had deprived him of his right leg.

National and Global Finance Essay

1. Choose an example of a type of new company you could start, and then use this company idea to answer the questions below. You might choose a pet store, a restaurant, a tutoring business, or something else. This can be the same type of company you chose in assignment 8 or 9, or it can be different. a. Describe the type of business you chose. (1-2 sentences.) -A grocery store. b. Describe at least two ways in which the local, state, or federal government would have an impact on your business. (2-4 sentences.) -The state government would impact my business’s profit because we have to pay taxes for what we sell. -The federal government would impact my business because I would need to make sure that my store is up to safety standards by the CPSC. 2. Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of price ceilings and price floors. Do you think price ceilings and floors are more helpful or more harmful to consumers and the economy? Explain. 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Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too much money and credit in the economy. (2-4 sentences. ) – Inflation happens, that’s when the value of the dollar raises, not everyone gets higher wages when that happens, but things end up getting more expensive, causing consumers not to buy stuff. 5. Which Fed tool do you think is most important, and why? (2-4 sentences.) -Probably the Reserve Requirements, if they didn’t have that the bank would be able to screw the government and anyone who uses the bank. 6. Choose one of the following government agencies or laws: FTC, EPA, FDA, CPSC, OSHA, FLSA, EEOC, ADA, SEC, or Affirmative Action. Search online to learn more about the agency or law, and then describe three specific things the law or agency accomplishes. Make sure the information comes from a trustworthy website. Include a link to the website in your answer. (3-6 sentences.) -The EPA is all about helping and protecting nature and our selves, they have passed many laws to keep us safe. Some of these laws include: C.A.A., or the Clean Air Act. This is a Federal law they passed to make sure we’re not releasing too much emission into the air, or releasing really bad things. Another law they have passed is the C.W.A., or Clean Water Act, this is also a Federal law, it protects our water systems from getting infested with pollution and toxic chemicals, without this we could lose our fishing locations and fresh drinking water. The last law they have passed that I am going to share is the E.S.A., or better known as the Endangered Species Act, this is a lot like the other two acts, but specifically targets endangered species from going extinct. Whether they’re plants, animals, or aquatic life, this law protects species in low numbers from being hunted, destroyed, or sought after. 7. Describe  at least two products that are commonly imported into the United States. (1-2 sentences.) -Oil from the Middle East is often imported to the U.S., another product that is commonly imported from other counties is a lot of different foreign cars and car parts from companies like Toyota. 8. Describe at least two products that are commonly exported from the United States to other countries. (1-2 sentences. ) -Aircrafts, a lot of military and commercial planes & helicopters are exported from the U.S. to many different countries. 9. Why does the U.S. government encourage U.S. companies to sell their products in other countries? Explain how this helps the U.S. (2-4 sentences.) -It does so because the more U.S. products going to other continents and nations the more tax money comes in for the U.S.; the more tax money, the better our economy does. 10. Find the value of one U.S. dollar in a foreign currency. You might choose the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Canadian dollar, or another currency. List the type of currency and the current value of the U.S. dollar in that country. – $1.00 USD has the buying power of â‚ ¹59.28 INR (Indian Rupee.) 11. Describe at least three exchange rate factors that are likely to attract foreign investors to a country’s currency. Explain why these factors are attractive for foreign investors. (3-6 sentences.) -Inflation, they want the inflation to be low so that the can sell their products for higher prices to the U.S.A. Another thing investors don’t want is an unstable country, whether that’s political or economic troubles. The last thing investors want is a high interest rate, if the interest rate in China is 15% and in the U.S. it’s 9%, then that company will probably want to invest with a company in China because they will receive more money in return for their loan.

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Seagrass Restoration in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Seagrass Restoration in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Free Online Research Papers The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a federal agency with a goal is to keep citizens informed of the ever changing environment around them. They strive to be leaders in environmental research and use cutting edge technology to do so. The NOAA has a vision of â€Å"an informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions.† (Lubchenco) The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FLDEP) is the lead agency in the state government in charge of environmental management. They protect Florida’s air, water, and land by enforcing the environmental laws, overseeing state parks, overseeing beach renourishments, managing hazardous waste cleanups, and many more projects. Their mission is concise and to the point: â€Å"More Protection, Less Process.† (DEP) Table of Contents The table of contents is clear and straight to the point. Each section is divided into chapters, which is visually represented by the bold font. Underneath the chapter, are subheadings that are indented for a more aesthetically pleasing look. This also make sections of the statement easier to find. Next to each section are titles describing what is talked about and a page number for east access to the information. Included in the table of contents is a list of all the appendices and what is included in them. The page following the Table of Contents is a useful list of acronyms. Science can sometimes be a foreign language to the average layman. Even some people familiar with environmental science will not remember every single acronym for each term or agency so including this list is an idealistic solution to make sure everyone is on the same page. Purpose and Need for Action The purpose and need for proposed action sections are clear and well written. The need for proposed action could have been more detailed in explaining why the seagrass beds need human support in restoration instead of healing naturally. A map is included to give the reader visual reference of what areas are being discussed in the statement. Although the map is included, they could have done a better job with the graphics. I feel like the font is too small to read. The key using different shapes and textures to point out certain areas is also a great idea, just executed poorly. The map is so small, that the different shapes and textures seem to blend together in some places, giving the reader no idea what those areas are used for. If they would have just made the map a full page, I think the outcome would have been better. The seagrass functions and ecological importance were properly described from all aspects of the environment including background information of the species in that area. They included a detailed drawing of the species which was a nice touch. It goes on to explain the type of restoration plan that they were planning on using and reasons why the seagrass needs to be restored. They quote federal documents to prove that what they are trying to do complies with regulations set forth by the federal government. Seagrass Restoration Alternatives This section is imperative to include in the EIS. Without this section the EIS will be returned until this information is included. NEPA guidelines also require that agencies discuss the alternative of no action, which they go over in great detail in this paper. I liked the table they used to summarize the explanations. It is easy to read and outlines each definition clearly for the reader. The paper also lists seagrass transplants, bird stakes, fertilizer spikes, sediment fill, sediment tubes, berm redistribution, sod replacement and exclusion cages. In the seagrass transplanting discussion, they give facts and data on the success rate of previous transplants. They talk about ways to do the transplant while monitoring it. The discussion of this alternative was very complete and seemed liked an alternative that could work well for them. The next alternative discussed is bird stakes. This option is mentioned to increase the amount of nutrients the grasses have available to them. Bird stakes are similar designs as fertilizer stakes. The only problem with fertilizer spikes are that they need to be replaced often. Both options are discussed and they also mention the fact that both alternatives may effect vessel navigation. The options of sediment fill and sediment tubes are also brought up. Both alternatives help stabilize and re-grow seagrass beds. Berm redistribution and sod replacement are also discussed and ways that they would help the seagrass beds examined. Lastly, they talked about exclusion cages to protect the beds. This would be important especially near coral reefs. The authors of this section did a really good job looking at the problem from all angles and presenting all of the alternatives. This is an example of how alternatives should be presented in an EIS. There was no bias, they covered all their options, not just the favored alternatives. Proposed Actions The proposed action(s) was discussed and included a few of the options in the alternatives section. A table summarized the alternatives available and the conditions in which they would be chosen. This was a great way to present what the proposed actions are because it summarizes it in a visual way. More people are likely to read and comprehend a table rather than reading the text. Affected Environment There are a couple of paragraphs explaining the areas that are potentially affected by the seagrass restoration projects. They also include another map was given to show the benthic habitat types of the area. A chart is included as well that lists the areas, description and dominant transport processes, and the benthic communities. It then goes on to describe the productivity, diversity, and versatility of the seagrass beds. Then they explain the existing land use and give a chart that displays the different types of land use in Monroe County by acreage, and split it into lower, middle, and upper keys. There is then an in depth discussion of the climate and air quality of the keys. A description of the noise that may be heard by tools and machines during the restoration process is also discussed. Geology, water quality, and physical parameters are also discussed to give a comprehensive and detailed picture of the study area. They did a really good job describing the current environ ment and how the project could possibly change it. Biological Resources A meticulous description of the seagrass species in the area, the benthic organisms, and the fish and invertebrate populations is given. Another table is used, this time to show the family name, common name of fishes collected bt the bottom and surface trawling in Florida Bay. Endangered and threatened species in the area are discussed as well. This is important to discuss after the Endangered Species Act was passed. A chart is inserted after the text to show the reader which species are found in the seagrass habitats within the FKNMS. Included in the chart is the approximate time the species inhabit the seagrass habitats.. The data discussed in this section is crucial in understanding the biological resources of the area but the tables could have been a little more detailed. I like the idea of using a table but they could have included more information and more accurate time periods that the species inhabit the area. Simply listing months are inaccurate because there is no wa y the species come and go at exactly the beginning and end of each month. If they were averaging time, they should have used actual dates instead of whole months. To use a more visual method, perhaps a graph could have been used to show the frequency of occurrence of endangered and threatened species. It was just a thought, but visual references usually go over well with most people. Cultural Resources A brief background of the history of the area is given. There is a analysis on the possibility of pre-historic remains, Native American remains, and historic remains which is important. If there were historical remains found in the area, the project could be stopped if it affects the ruins. Overlay maps are included showing injury sites and historic remains sites. In instances where there is overlap, archaeologist will survey the area and determine whether the restoration should occur. Since Florida had such a diverse cultural history, it is appropriate that these precautions are implemented. It would be disastrous to ruin such rich history on the restorations process. Hazardous and Toxic Substances This section is very short due to the fact that they do not plan on encountering any toxic or hazardous substances. They basically just define what typically is considered hazardous and toxic and explain that there are no superfund sites in Monroe County, FL making it even more unlikely to come in contact with any harmful toxins. Socioeconomic and Quality of Life A basic description of the region of influence, economic activity, and demographics of the area are discussed. Tables are included summarizing employment by major sectors and demographics of Monroe County. Most of the people living in Monroe County rated their quality of life as good or excellent, less than five percent rated it as poor. It was also found that those that participated in outdoor activities rated their quality of life higher than those that did not. It was relevant to include all of these studies in the EIS because the people that live in the area, especially those that participate in outdoor activities, will be affected by the restoration of the seagrass beds. Environmental and Socioeconomic Consequences The potential environmental and socioeconomic consequences of the restoration alternatives that were mentioned earlier are discussed in this section. Both the direct and indirect effects of each alternative presented in the document are discussed with respect to thirteen resource categories. For five of these categories, both the direct and indirect effects are identical for all ten restoration actions. An in depth evaluation is given for each of the areas of interest that would have either a direct or indirect affect on either the environment or socioeconomic. Pros and cons were also given for each alternative. A special sub-section was set-up to list the preferred alternatives. The three that were preferred were then described. Reasons were given as to why they are preferred over the other methods. The three reasons were numbered and indented which made it easier to read. This is very helpful to the reader and confirms which methods are favored. The Seagrass Regional Restoration Plan The purpose and all details of the proposed plan are expressed in this section. They propose that selecting priority areas would be best. To further display where the funds for the restoration will be going, a map of the Florida Bay is included. The exact method of statistical analysis is also given. Anyone who would like to work out the data for themselves will have the formulas and instruction that were used. That is important to include so the reviewer knows that the data is legitimate. Tables showing the areas of the upper, middle, and lower keys with the most injured sea grasses are also shown to restate the point of which areas are considered priorities and therefore will receive the most funding. The criteria used to evaluate priority areas of sea grass restoration is also given here to reiterate what had been shown earlier in maps and tables. The upper, middle and lower keys are then ranked in a table showing which criteria they do and do not meet. A summary of the monitoring plan is also restated here to remind the reader of information given in previous sections. This is useful because most people won’t read the entire thing, and If they do, they probably won’t remember every little detail. Reiterating the important information is a way to reach a bigger audience of readers. A list of sea grass experts involved during the research of this EIS is listed at the end of the section to show that this plan was written with the professional knowledge and experience of multiple experts in the area. Everything was well presented. Earlier sections if the paper were referenced to remind the reviewer of what was important that was previously read. The constant repetition of the criteria put reiterated in a variety forms was a good tactic because the repetition makes the criteria easier to remember and understand. The list of experts contacted should have been left off of this section and been added as a part of the references section at the end. Relationship to Other Laws and Programs This section lists all of the acts, laws, programs, agencies and organizations that the seagrass restoration plan uses, references, or has any relation to. This is done in a self explanatory manner by listing the act, program, or organization and the relationship that the restoration plan has with it. This makes it easy to reference it in the future. List of Preparers The list of preparers is listed in descending alphabetical order by last name which makes the list similar to a phonebook. This format makes it easier for the reviewer to find the information to contact specific people in the future. The list also includes the department or program that the person works for which is also a great tool to use to contact specific people. The only thing I would suggest changing would be to put the last name in the front. Even though it is in alphabetical order by last name, they list the first name first which is more difficult to see the order. They should have listed it with the last name first, and comma, then the first name. References This statement had ample references that were in the appropriate format for both the full reference and the in-text citations. This section isn’t as crucial to the EIS, but based on how well the section was organized and formatted, it proves that a lot research went into the preparing of the EIS and that the writers cared enough to place things in the correct format. Conclusion This was an extremely well put together and prepared impact statement. Despite several minor improvements that could have been made, everything was presented in a clear, concise, and detailed manner. The correct format was followed. The minor improvements could be considered opinion by most. It was set-up to allow the reviewer to easily follow the EIS using visually receptive techniques such as charts, figures, and indentation. Finding minimal errors was rare in the 70’s. This EIS is a prime example of how far the documents have come over the past several decades. Sources Lubchenco, Dr. Jane. About NOAA. NOAA. 2009. NOAA. 1 Apr. 2009 . About DEP. DEP. 2009. NOAA. 1 Apr. 2009 . Research Papers on Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Seagrass Restoration in the Florida Keys National Marine SanctuaryPETSTEL analysis of IndiaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and CanadaOpen Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office System

Marketing on the Internet essays

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Richard M. Nixon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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On A&P by John Updike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Attachment theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attachment theory - Essay Example The principal postulate in the context of research on attachment in human infants is that an infant depicts secure attachment, only if its needs are responded to in a sensitive manner by its parent. Analogously, insecure attachment can be attributed to insensitive response by a parent (Acton). One researcher, namely Ainsworth, opined that there were two types of insecure attachment, namely, ambivalent and avoidant. Thereupon, this classification of infant behavior, as ambivalent, avoidant and resistant was applied to such behavior. According to this perception, a secure infant tries to come into contact, attempts to come near a parent, or greets a parent who is at a distance from it. On the other hand, an infant of the avoidant category attempts to evade a parent. Finally, an infant that has been classified as resistant or ambivalent displays its hostility towards a parent, either in an active or passive manner (Acton). The attachment theory is not restricted to the emotional response in infants, but also to obtain a proper perception of unhappiness, love and solitude amongst adults. The various styles, regarding attachment, found in adult are a consequence of the working models of that person, which had formed during that person’s early years, after birth (Acton). A person whose perception of secure attachment has been developed is likely to behave in a manner that is culturally acceptable. As such, when people, who are in each other’s presence, communicate with each other, they tend to be courteous and agreeable, irrespective of their identities. Whereas, the very same individuals, may not depict such behavior if they are communicating from a distance or in some symbolic fashion. In a study on Israeli Jewish students, it was discovered that a primed secure attachment enhanced appreciation for benevolence and universalism. Moreover, universalism was seen to be

Government subsidies Essay Example for Free

Government subsidies Essay An agricultural subsidy can be defined as a grant offered to farmers for their products. These subsidies are provided in order to add-on to farmers incomes, to control the costs of agricultural products in the market and to regulate supply of these products. The US government is required by the law to provide farm subsidies and is required to grant about twelve products. Some of the products that the government of US has subsidized include; corn, maize, wheat, barley, cotton, peanuts, milk, sugar among other products. (Robert, 2004) Agricultural subsidies have been in place ever since the early twentieth century. In the 1930s, farmers were very vulnerable to price fluctuations. This vulnerability caused them to strike in order to get the governments attention. A law was passed to protect them through tariffs. This was not very successful because it caused the international market to fear imports from the US. Years later, the government introduced another law that facilitated the control of goods produced by farmers, purchase of excess products and provisions for minimum payment to farmers. These changes that were made in the 1950s are still in place today. Some slight modifications have been made but the basics have been retained. Agricultural subsidies have had a lot of changes over the past decades in the country. In the early twentieth Century, there was a large chunk of the country’s population that engaged and resided in farms. At that time in history, farmers took up a large portion of grants. In the recent years, this has dramatically changed largely due to the fact that the number of farmers has reduced dramatically consequently reducing the amount of funds spent on them. A subsidy normally focuses on a particular product. This entails price considerations in that farmers are granted a certain amount of cash for a specific weight of product. On top of that payment, farmers expect a fixed price for any subsidized crop. So if market prices are lower than what farmers were promised, then the government compensates farmers for this balance. Payments are obtained from taxes meaning that the rest of the country’s population is involved on this matter Part 1: Government subsidies There are scores of subsidies that re currently offered by the government. But they can all be placed under certain groupings. These are what will be examined in detail below; (Robert, 2004) Export subsidies can be described as a settlement between the government and farmers regarding crops or agricultural products that will be exported or sold internationally. It was initiated in order to ensure that farmers have adequate funding when exporting their products. This kind of subsidization can sometimes result in farmers having extra finances. This implies that they can be able to sell their goods in target countries at a price that may be lower than cost of production. Consequently, farmers in those host countries maybe out competed. This has caused developing countries to raise an alarm. The United States has taken its exports to many countries some of which include South American countries. Some of the proponents of this type of subsidy claim that it perpetuates low prices for commodities in developing countries. This means that locals in those importing countries can be able to purchase agricultural goods at low prices. Complaints have been registered about cases of dumping in these countries: Where agricultural dumping is the sale of products at unfairly low prices that exceed their cost of production. This is propagated by availability of extra funds from export subsidies. Conservation payments are also another type of subsidy offered by the US government. The subsidies are normally done in support of the environment and for conservation purposes. The two plans under which this subsidy is implemented are the Conservation Security Program and the Conservation Reserve Program. It normally targets farmers that use environmentally friendly methods for their practices. This program was initiated after it was observed that agricultural activities cause immense pollution to the country’s resources. In the year 2003, the government spent close to two billion dollars on payments related to this scheme. Supporters of this type of subsidy claim that it protects the environment through promotion of environmentally friendly practices. These include issues like growth of nutrient-rich crops like beans rather than those that consume nutrients like corn, use of contour stripping and other methods that eradicate soil erosion.

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder was previously known as manic depression as it causes moods to shift between mania and depression. It may also be classified as a biological brain disorder causing severe fluctuations in mood, energy, thinking and behaviour. This disorder results in frequent anxiety and low frustration level in the young people (CABF 2007). Depression, in this situation, means a situation where you feel very low while mania would refer to a situation where you feel very high (NHS 2009). Sometimes, symptoms of mania and depression can also occur simultaneously (CABF 2007). These episodes can last for several weeks or longer. The high and low phases of the illness are often so extreme that they interfere with everyday life (NHS 2009). In bipolar disorder, the depression phase often comes first. One can be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode. The manic episodes usually take place after some time, after which the diagnosis might change. These episodes of depression may lead to overwhelming feelings of worthlessness, which often lead to thoughts of suicide. The manic phase may make you feel very creative and view mania as a positive experience. This is the time when you may also have symptoms of psychosis. During this phase you may feel very happy and have lots of ambitions, plans and ideas. Lack of sleep and appetite are other also common characteristics of bipolar disorder (NHS 2009). People with bipolar disorder fluctuate between intense depression and mania, interspersed by periods of relative calm (Macnair 2008). The causes of bipolar disorder arent completely known, but are often hereditary. A cluster of factors both genetic and environmental, such as personal traumas or stress, can highly influence systems. The initial manic or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder usually take place early in the teenage years or early adulthood (Macnair 2008) At least half of all cases start before age 25 (Kessler et al., 2005). The symptoms of the disorder can be fairly subtle and may result in being overlooked or misdiagnosed. This could result in unnecessary suffering while on the other hand, with proper treatment and support; a fulfilling life can be lived (Macnair 2008). In severe forms of mania, there are chances of a person becoming psychotic, with delusions. There is a conflict in perception and reality and there may be hallucinations and delusional beliefs about being persecuted. In some of the worst cases, people in mania become unintelligible and neglect themselves. The symptoms have varying patterns, frequencies and order. While in some case, where symptoms of mania are followed by symptoms of depression in a predictable pattern, some people have mixed symptoms its possible to have many of the symptoms of mania and also suffer from severely depressive thoughts (Bhugra and Flick, 2005). Although theres no cure for bipolar disorder, many people find that an understanding of their illness and what triggers episodes can help them live a relatively normal life Macnair 2008). Patients could monitor their moods and thoughts and ask someone they trust to help them cope with the disorder. But, sometimes some people have extreme mood swings that cant be managed by monitoring alone. There may be a need for antidepressants, antipsychotic medication, drug lithium, which seem to stabilise mood swings. High level of lithium in blood can be poisonous while too little will have no effect. So, its important to be seen regularly by the mental health team and have the blood levels checked (Smith et al., 2009). Johns Condition John had a bipolar disorder with first episode happening when he was 19. At 28, John had evidently had manic episodes, as he had been known to contact his colleagues and clients at odd hours to discuss novel ideas. He kept enthusing about his designs being imaginative and original. At the workplace, clients and colleagues would complain about Johns unprofessional behaviour suggesting a lack of understanding on the part of his workplace. Johns denial of his illness further aggravated his situation. John had already quit two excellent jobs because of his condition. Johns younger brother, Michael, managed to get John back to his consultant psychiatrist and pushed him to take his medicines regularly. With continuous support from his brother, John started responding well to the treatment. Although medication seemed to have positive effect on John, he would give up the medicines as soon he started feeling better. This resulted in relapses and repeated episodes. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with the patients ability to function (Smith et al., 2009). John did not participate actively in social activities making it difficult for others to recognize his needs. John could not focus on his work due to his medical condition being too unstable. John was not offered any job at the five places he had applied despite an impressive CV. This was due to the fact that John had mentioned his illness on all the forms raising doubts in Johns mind about disclosing his illness until it was specifically stressed upon. Work labelling and stereotyping Theory of stigma Stigma is the difference between the virtual social identity and the real social identity. Stigma has three forms, which can be characterised as external, personal and tribal. The first form of stigma relates to external or overt deformations like scars, leprosy, physical disability and social disability. The second form relates to deviations in personal traits, including mental illness, drug addiction, alcoholism and criminal backgrounds. The third form, tribal stigmas, are imagined or real traits of ethnic groups, nationalities or religions that are deemed to constitute a deviation from what is perceived as to be the prevailing ethnicity, nationality or religion (Geoffman 1963). eoffman (1963) also went on to describe 3 levels of deviance. He described them as primary, secondary and tertiary deviances. Primary deviance would refer to original violation/deviance/and societal reaction to this non-conformity to societal norms. The secondary deviance is the deviants reaction to the negative societal reaction and the tertiary deviance is the reaction of the stigmatised person to the stigma from other leads to master status. The secondary deviant attempts to re-label certain behaviours as normal rather than deviant. This is an attempt to create a label that overshadows all other characteristics. The stigmatised person is seen as inferior by others and seen as having a perpetually flawed social identity and is thus discriminated. The stigmatised individual might also have additional imperfections imputed to them on the basis of the original stigmata thus creating stereotypes (Geoffman 1963). Stigma can also be differentiated as felt and enacted. The felt stigma is the condition where one feels the shame of being identified with a discrediting condition and the fear of encountering enacted stigma. Enacted stigma is the actual episode of discrimination, both formal and informal against people with stigmata solely on the grounds of their having a stigmatising condition (Scambler 2004). Scrambler (2004) through the Hidden Distress Model highlighted that people with a stigmata are fearful of experiencing enacted stigma and pursue an active policy of non-disclosure. The stigma has a far more disruptive effect on their lives as this also increases the stress of managing their disorder. The socio-cultural values can be viable in influencing the level of felt and enacted stigma. According to Geoffmanns (1963) classification of stigma, John fell in the second form due to hid bipolar disorder. As stated by Geoffmann (1963), John was ill treated and faced discrimination, which is quite evident from the behaviour of his clients and colleagues at work. Sociology of Health and Illness The sociology of health and illness argues that socio-cultural factors influence peoples perceptions and experiences of health and illness, which cannot be presumed to be simply relations to physical bodily changes (Nettleton 2006). Defining Health and Disease In the constitution of WHO established nearly half a century ago, health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Saracci 1997). Temple et. al., in 2001 proposed a definition of disease though the approach did little to improve on previous attempts. They defined disease as a state that places individuals at increased risk of adverse consequences. Adopting this definition, every activity involving voluntary action carry a risk of adverse consequences. The problem with the concept of health and disease is that it is associated with social concepts such as normality and abnormality, normality and abnormality being relative terms. In common parlance, disease means a deviation from the established norm, consequently abnormal, with connotations of weirdness, strangeness, repulsiveness, viciousness, sickness, derangement, impairment, and disorder (Landy 1977). Conditions may be characterised as normal or abnormal based on the arbitrary diagnostic criteria as in most common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, etc. A condition is considered to be normal if it is prevalent amongst the population largely. But this issue seems to be complicated by the question of medicalization versus criminalization of abnormal social behaviour (Rosen 1968 and Foucalt 1972). Often the clinicians diagnosis is influenced by social views on mental diseases. In cases where mental disorders are involved, judging a sick person is to be avoided at all costs. Instead, the situation and the effects of the disease should be judged (Scheff 1979). The patient is worried with his own private and particular condition, while the doctor tries to make a diagnosis in the same way a zoologist or a botanist does with a specimen under the microscope: to weight individual variances against general signals and symptoms that agree with those of a recognized category of disease (de Avila Pires 2008). Failure to Recognize Mental States and Provide Required Support Radley (1994) reported that it was very difficult to live with illness in todays world where health is more than meeting the demands of specific tasks or fulfilling particular duties. Mental disorders may lead to the patient becoming socially isolated as was seen in Johns case. Figure 1. The patient suffering from chronic illness faces various modes of adjustment. (Figure adapted from Radley and Green 1985, cited in Radley 1994) According to the modes of adjustment to the chronic illness put forward by Radley and Green in 1985 (cited in Radley 1994) John was in the phase of active denial. He resisted the illness symptoms and participated in the normal life, treating his illness as of little importance. Even his colleagues failed to recognize his condition and complained calling Johns behaviour unprofessional. Factors that Pushed John to Seek Medical Help Despite Johns being a talented architect, he had already quit two good jobs. The reasons attributed to this may be an atmosphere of discriminative behaviour in the workplace. John had developed a stage of Bipolar disorder where regular attacks of mania took place. He might also have developed psychosis suggested by the novel ideas and strange behaviour. Johns brother, Michael actually got John to go back to the medicines. He tried to know what had happened and made sure John took his medicines regularly. Michael also managed to get John back to his consultant psychiatrist. So, it may be perceived that it was support of his brother, family support coupled with a discriminative behaviour at the workplace that pushed John to medications. Social Inequalities Disability and social inequality go hand in hand. The proof is well documented and evident in socio-economic circumstances (Nettleton 2006). Disabled people face many problems in their working life. In certain cases like accidents, a person may loose his value overnight while as, in case of recurrent illnesses, the patient goes through a gradual downfall Blaxter 1976). Lack of support from other people (family, friends, colleagues) often aggravates the medical condition of the patient (Radley 2004). Johns medical condition became a cause of concern for his employers and clients alike. He had to quit two jobs to cope with the situation. Despite having experience and impressive CV, John was not able to get a job at any of the five places he had applied to. Evidently, his revealing his bipolar disorder would have put his future employers on alert and thus the discrimination. Instead, of understanding Johns condition and helping him overcome his disability he was rejected every time. Community Care The World Health Organization recognizes primary health care to be effective in preventing illness. There has been a shift from primary health care to community care and this shift could be a result of three factors therapeutic, economic and reforms in the medical model (Busfield 1986, cited in Nettleton 2006). The entire concept of community care relies on the priority being given to the patient and not the disease. Social perceptions about the disability or the disabled, plays an important role in community-based rehabilitation. The term community care is used both in a perspective sense to related to how people should meet the health and social needs of the dependent people and also a description of the set of services that are currently provided (Stevenson 2008). Many people often object to being referred to as disabled. It leads to the segregation and often discrimination (Blaxter 1976). As was seen in Johns case, despite being an impressive architect he was refused job at five places, which he thought was because of him disclosing his bipolar disorder. The local authorities along with voluntary bodies are responsible for looking after the social needs of a disabled. This concept is based on the fact that community has to be involved in deciding the social needs of a disabled member and then making sure that those needs are taken care of in local conditions (Blaxter 1976). Michael, Johns brother played a major role in Johns rehabilitation. He understood his needs and convinced him to see his doctor. As is the concept of community care, Michael gave priority to his brother and his needs rather than his disease. The same cannot be said about his colleagues or his clients. Instead of understanding Johns special needs, they deemed him unfit to work with them. Cognitive Therapy of Depression Beck et al., (1979) defined cognitive therapy as an active, directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat various mental disorders. The rationale behind this definition is based on how a disabled person perceives and structures the world. His previous experiences and relation with other people affect his cognitions. For example, if a person interprets all his experiences in terms of whether he is competent or adequate, his thinking might be dominated by the schema, Unless I do everything perfectly, I am a failure. In such case he would react to all situations in terms of his competence even if those situations were not related to his competence in any way. Johns getting rejected at five interviews, despite of an impressive CV, made him feel disadvantaged. He thought it was due to his mental disorder. These inequalities made him want to conceal his illness and not reveal it unless it was specifically asked about. Chronic Illness People experience serious chronic illness in three ways: as an interruption of their lives, as an intrusive illness, and as immersion in illness. Rather, from their perspectives, illness disrupts their lives; it intrudes upon the day-frequently each day; it engulfs them (Charmaz 1997). Johns illness was an interruption in his life. He had to quit two jobs because of his illness and was further rejected a job at another five places due to his illness. Parsons Sick Role Theory According to Parson (1951), sickness is not merely a condition or a state of fact, it is rather a specifically patterned social role. The sick people have the right to be exempted from the normal social role. They cannot be blamed for their medical condition and have to be taken care of. On the other hand, they are expected to seek professional guidance and show a willingness to get well. The disabled people are either vulnerable and are often exploited by others or they may adopt deviance to evade responsibilities and can prove to be threat to the society. John was vulnerable. He tried to get well and used to take medication as well, but his colleagues blamed him for his condition. They often complained against him. Moreover, after quitting his job, he could not get another job due to his disability. Zolas Theory According to Zola (1973, cited in Scambler 2008) most of the patients would over look their symptoms for quite some time before consulting a doctor. He also found that there had to be something else a trigger apart from the symptoms to convince patients to seek medical intervention. The characterised five types of triggers First, the occurrence of an interpersonal crisis (e.g., death in the family), second, perceived interference with social or personal relations, third, sanctioning (pressure from others to consult), fourth, perceived interference with vocalization or physical activity, and fifth, a kind of temporalizing of symptomatology (the setting of deadline). Moreover, patients personal and social circumstances also affect the patients decision to seek help. Applying Zolas theory to Johns case, one would realize that John did overlook his symptoms. He used to deny his illness and stop his medication as soon as he felt better. It was sanctioning (pressure from his brother Michael) that acted as a trigger and convinced him to consult his psychiatrist and start his medication again. Conclusion A certain medical condition or disability refers to be presented with problems and face problems earning ones living or any other day to day activities. Many disabled people find it hard or lack the willingness to participate in the social activities. They isolate themselves from the society and in certain cases from family as well. But constant support from family and friends coupled with proper medication can help the patient recover and rise above his disability (Blaxter 1976). Bipolar disorder being a chronic mental disorder has serious consequences on patients in particular and their families and societies in general. Effective treatment for bipolar disorder is available, but patients often hesitate to report their condition due to various social, economic and personal barriers. Patients often go into self-denial and try to remain away from social activities. There are two ways of caring for the bipolar disordered person; one, primary healthcare, that is consulting a general physician or a psychiatrist and second being community care. Concerted efforts on all levels (patient, family, community, healthcare provider and government) are required to improve the quality of care among the bipolar community (Bhugra and Flick, 2005). Apart from the professional help, self-help can greatly improve the condition of a person with bipolar disorder. The patient should learn about his condition. It will help him understand his needs better as well as help him in recovery. They should try and avoid stress, participate in social activities and indulge in hobbies. The patient should keep a track of his mood swings and watch out for the symptoms that have deleterious effects on their mood. Doing so would help them prepare better for adverse conditions. Maintaining a healthy schedule (healthy food habits, exercising, and proper sleep) can greatly influence the moods of a patient (Smith et al., 2009). References: Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, and Emery G. 1979. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, The Guilford Press Bhugra D. and Flick GR. 2005. Pathways to care for patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 7; 236-245 Blaxter M, 1976. The meaning of disability. London. Heinemann. CABF (Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation), Educating the Child with Bipolar Disorder, 2007 Charmaz K. 1997. Good Days, Bad Days-Illness and Time. USA, Rutgers University Press de Avila-Pires FD. 2008. On the concept of disease. Revista de Historia Humanidades Medicas, Vol. 4, No. 1 Foucault M. 1972. Histoire de la folie à   là ¢ge classique, Paris, Gallimard Goffman E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identities Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. 2005. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593-602.) Landy D. [Ed.], 1997. Culture, disease, and healing. Studies in medical anthropology. NewYork, Macmillan Macnair T. 2008. Bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/bipolar1.shtml [Accessed on 12/01/20101] Nettleton S. 2006. The Sociology of Health and Illness; Cambridge, Polity Press NHS 2009. Bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Bipolar-disorder/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed on 12/01/2010] Parson T. 1951. The Social System. New York, Free Press. Radley A. 1994. Making sense of illness. London, SAGE Publications  Ã‚   Rosen G. 1968   Madness in Society. Chapters in the historical sociology of mental illness, New York, Harper Row Saracci R.1997. The world health organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health BMJ1997;314:1409 Scambler G, 2004. A jigsaw model of health-related stigma, University College of London Scambler G. [Ed.] 2008, Sociology as applied to medicine. (6th ed.) Saunders, Elsevier Scheff T. 1979. Decision rules, types of error, and their consequences in medical diagnosis. In Albrecht G. and Higgins P. [Eds.] Health, Illness, and Medicine. A reader in medical sociology, Chicago, Rand McNally, pp. 313-326. Smith M, Segal J, and Segal R. 2009. Understanding bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/bipolar_disorder_symptoms_treatment.htm [Accessed on 13/10/2010] Temple LK, McLeod R, Gallinger S, and Wright J. 2001. Defining disease in the genomics era. Science, Vol. 293, No. 5531, New York, pp. 807-808