Attachment theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attachment theory - Essay Example The principal postulate in the context of research on attachment in human infants is that an infant depicts secure attachment, only if its needs are responded to in a sensitive manner by its parent. Analogously, insecure attachment can be attributed to insensitive response by a parent (Acton). One researcher, namely Ainsworth, opined that there were two types of insecure attachment, namely, ambivalent and avoidant. Thereupon, this classification of infant behavior, as ambivalent, avoidant and resistant was applied to such behavior. According to this perception, a secure infant tries to come into contact, attempts to come near a parent, or greets a parent who is at a distance from it. On the other hand, an infant of the avoidant category attempts to evade a parent. Finally, an infant that has been classified as resistant or ambivalent displays its hostility towards a parent, either in an active or passive manner (Acton). The attachment theory is not restricted to the emotional response in infants, but also to obtain a proper perception of unhappiness, love and solitude amongst adults. The various styles, regarding attachment, found in adult are a consequence of the working models of that person, which had formed during that person’s early years, after birth (Acton). A person whose perception of secure attachment has been developed is likely to behave in a manner that is culturally acceptable. As such, when people, who are in each other’s presence, communicate with each other, they tend to be courteous and agreeable, irrespective of their identities. Whereas, the very same individuals, may not depict such behavior if they are communicating from a distance or in some symbolic fashion. In a study on Israeli Jewish students, it was discovered that a primed secure attachment enhanced appreciation for benevolence and universalism. Moreover, universalism was seen to be

Government subsidies Essay Example for Free

Government subsidies Essay An agricultural subsidy can be defined as a grant offered to farmers for their products. These subsidies are provided in order to add-on to farmers incomes, to control the costs of agricultural products in the market and to regulate supply of these products. The US government is required by the law to provide farm subsidies and is required to grant about twelve products. Some of the products that the government of US has subsidized include; corn, maize, wheat, barley, cotton, peanuts, milk, sugar among other products. (Robert, 2004) Agricultural subsidies have been in place ever since the early twentieth century. In the 1930s, farmers were very vulnerable to price fluctuations. This vulnerability caused them to strike in order to get the governments attention. A law was passed to protect them through tariffs. This was not very successful because it caused the international market to fear imports from the US. Years later, the government introduced another law that facilitated the control of goods produced by farmers, purchase of excess products and provisions for minimum payment to farmers. These changes that were made in the 1950s are still in place today. Some slight modifications have been made but the basics have been retained. Agricultural subsidies have had a lot of changes over the past decades in the country. In the early twentieth Century, there was a large chunk of the country’s population that engaged and resided in farms. At that time in history, farmers took up a large portion of grants. In the recent years, this has dramatically changed largely due to the fact that the number of farmers has reduced dramatically consequently reducing the amount of funds spent on them. A subsidy normally focuses on a particular product. This entails price considerations in that farmers are granted a certain amount of cash for a specific weight of product. On top of that payment, farmers expect a fixed price for any subsidized crop. So if market prices are lower than what farmers were promised, then the government compensates farmers for this balance. Payments are obtained from taxes meaning that the rest of the country’s population is involved on this matter Part 1: Government subsidies There are scores of subsidies that re currently offered by the government. But they can all be placed under certain groupings. These are what will be examined in detail below; (Robert, 2004) Export subsidies can be described as a settlement between the government and farmers regarding crops or agricultural products that will be exported or sold internationally. It was initiated in order to ensure that farmers have adequate funding when exporting their products. This kind of subsidization can sometimes result in farmers having extra finances. This implies that they can be able to sell their goods in target countries at a price that may be lower than cost of production. Consequently, farmers in those host countries maybe out competed. This has caused developing countries to raise an alarm. The United States has taken its exports to many countries some of which include South American countries. Some of the proponents of this type of subsidy claim that it perpetuates low prices for commodities in developing countries. This means that locals in those importing countries can be able to purchase agricultural goods at low prices. Complaints have been registered about cases of dumping in these countries: Where agricultural dumping is the sale of products at unfairly low prices that exceed their cost of production. This is propagated by availability of extra funds from export subsidies. Conservation payments are also another type of subsidy offered by the US government. The subsidies are normally done in support of the environment and for conservation purposes. The two plans under which this subsidy is implemented are the Conservation Security Program and the Conservation Reserve Program. It normally targets farmers that use environmentally friendly methods for their practices. This program was initiated after it was observed that agricultural activities cause immense pollution to the country’s resources. In the year 2003, the government spent close to two billion dollars on payments related to this scheme. Supporters of this type of subsidy claim that it protects the environment through promotion of environmentally friendly practices. These include issues like growth of nutrient-rich crops like beans rather than those that consume nutrients like corn, use of contour stripping and other methods that eradicate soil erosion.

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder was previously known as manic depression as it causes moods to shift between mania and depression. It may also be classified as a biological brain disorder causing severe fluctuations in mood, energy, thinking and behaviour. This disorder results in frequent anxiety and low frustration level in the young people (CABF 2007). Depression, in this situation, means a situation where you feel very low while mania would refer to a situation where you feel very high (NHS 2009). Sometimes, symptoms of mania and depression can also occur simultaneously (CABF 2007). These episodes can last for several weeks or longer. The high and low phases of the illness are often so extreme that they interfere with everyday life (NHS 2009). In bipolar disorder, the depression phase often comes first. One can be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode. The manic episodes usually take place after some time, after which the diagnosis might change. These episodes of depression may lead to overwhelming feelings of worthlessness, which often lead to thoughts of suicide. The manic phase may make you feel very creative and view mania as a positive experience. This is the time when you may also have symptoms of psychosis. During this phase you may feel very happy and have lots of ambitions, plans and ideas. Lack of sleep and appetite are other also common characteristics of bipolar disorder (NHS 2009). People with bipolar disorder fluctuate between intense depression and mania, interspersed by periods of relative calm (Macnair 2008). The causes of bipolar disorder arent completely known, but are often hereditary. A cluster of factors both genetic and environmental, such as personal traumas or stress, can highly influence systems. The initial manic or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder usually take place early in the teenage years or early adulthood (Macnair 2008) At least half of all cases start before age 25 (Kessler et al., 2005). The symptoms of the disorder can be fairly subtle and may result in being overlooked or misdiagnosed. This could result in unnecessary suffering while on the other hand, with proper treatment and support; a fulfilling life can be lived (Macnair 2008). In severe forms of mania, there are chances of a person becoming psychotic, with delusions. There is a conflict in perception and reality and there may be hallucinations and delusional beliefs about being persecuted. In some of the worst cases, people in mania become unintelligible and neglect themselves. The symptoms have varying patterns, frequencies and order. While in some case, where symptoms of mania are followed by symptoms of depression in a predictable pattern, some people have mixed symptoms its possible to have many of the symptoms of mania and also suffer from severely depressive thoughts (Bhugra and Flick, 2005). Although theres no cure for bipolar disorder, many people find that an understanding of their illness and what triggers episodes can help them live a relatively normal life Macnair 2008). Patients could monitor their moods and thoughts and ask someone they trust to help them cope with the disorder. But, sometimes some people have extreme mood swings that cant be managed by monitoring alone. There may be a need for antidepressants, antipsychotic medication, drug lithium, which seem to stabilise mood swings. High level of lithium in blood can be poisonous while too little will have no effect. So, its important to be seen regularly by the mental health team and have the blood levels checked (Smith et al., 2009). Johns Condition John had a bipolar disorder with first episode happening when he was 19. At 28, John had evidently had manic episodes, as he had been known to contact his colleagues and clients at odd hours to discuss novel ideas. He kept enthusing about his designs being imaginative and original. At the workplace, clients and colleagues would complain about Johns unprofessional behaviour suggesting a lack of understanding on the part of his workplace. Johns denial of his illness further aggravated his situation. John had already quit two excellent jobs because of his condition. Johns younger brother, Michael, managed to get John back to his consultant psychiatrist and pushed him to take his medicines regularly. With continuous support from his brother, John started responding well to the treatment. Although medication seemed to have positive effect on John, he would give up the medicines as soon he started feeling better. This resulted in relapses and repeated episodes. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with the patients ability to function (Smith et al., 2009). John did not participate actively in social activities making it difficult for others to recognize his needs. John could not focus on his work due to his medical condition being too unstable. John was not offered any job at the five places he had applied despite an impressive CV. This was due to the fact that John had mentioned his illness on all the forms raising doubts in Johns mind about disclosing his illness until it was specifically stressed upon. Work labelling and stereotyping Theory of stigma Stigma is the difference between the virtual social identity and the real social identity. Stigma has three forms, which can be characterised as external, personal and tribal. The first form of stigma relates to external or overt deformations like scars, leprosy, physical disability and social disability. The second form relates to deviations in personal traits, including mental illness, drug addiction, alcoholism and criminal backgrounds. The third form, tribal stigmas, are imagined or real traits of ethnic groups, nationalities or religions that are deemed to constitute a deviation from what is perceived as to be the prevailing ethnicity, nationality or religion (Geoffman 1963). eoffman (1963) also went on to describe 3 levels of deviance. He described them as primary, secondary and tertiary deviances. Primary deviance would refer to original violation/deviance/and societal reaction to this non-conformity to societal norms. The secondary deviance is the deviants reaction to the negative societal reaction and the tertiary deviance is the reaction of the stigmatised person to the stigma from other leads to master status. The secondary deviant attempts to re-label certain behaviours as normal rather than deviant. This is an attempt to create a label that overshadows all other characteristics. The stigmatised person is seen as inferior by others and seen as having a perpetually flawed social identity and is thus discriminated. The stigmatised individual might also have additional imperfections imputed to them on the basis of the original stigmata thus creating stereotypes (Geoffman 1963). Stigma can also be differentiated as felt and enacted. The felt stigma is the condition where one feels the shame of being identified with a discrediting condition and the fear of encountering enacted stigma. Enacted stigma is the actual episode of discrimination, both formal and informal against people with stigmata solely on the grounds of their having a stigmatising condition (Scambler 2004). Scrambler (2004) through the Hidden Distress Model highlighted that people with a stigmata are fearful of experiencing enacted stigma and pursue an active policy of non-disclosure. The stigma has a far more disruptive effect on their lives as this also increases the stress of managing their disorder. The socio-cultural values can be viable in influencing the level of felt and enacted stigma. According to Geoffmanns (1963) classification of stigma, John fell in the second form due to hid bipolar disorder. As stated by Geoffmann (1963), John was ill treated and faced discrimination, which is quite evident from the behaviour of his clients and colleagues at work. Sociology of Health and Illness The sociology of health and illness argues that socio-cultural factors influence peoples perceptions and experiences of health and illness, which cannot be presumed to be simply relations to physical bodily changes (Nettleton 2006). Defining Health and Disease In the constitution of WHO established nearly half a century ago, health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Saracci 1997). Temple et. al., in 2001 proposed a definition of disease though the approach did little to improve on previous attempts. They defined disease as a state that places individuals at increased risk of adverse consequences. Adopting this definition, every activity involving voluntary action carry a risk of adverse consequences. The problem with the concept of health and disease is that it is associated with social concepts such as normality and abnormality, normality and abnormality being relative terms. In common parlance, disease means a deviation from the established norm, consequently abnormal, with connotations of weirdness, strangeness, repulsiveness, viciousness, sickness, derangement, impairment, and disorder (Landy 1977). Conditions may be characterised as normal or abnormal based on the arbitrary diagnostic criteria as in most common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, etc. A condition is considered to be normal if it is prevalent amongst the population largely. But this issue seems to be complicated by the question of medicalization versus criminalization of abnormal social behaviour (Rosen 1968 and Foucalt 1972). Often the clinicians diagnosis is influenced by social views on mental diseases. In cases where mental disorders are involved, judging a sick person is to be avoided at all costs. Instead, the situation and the effects of the disease should be judged (Scheff 1979). The patient is worried with his own private and particular condition, while the doctor tries to make a diagnosis in the same way a zoologist or a botanist does with a specimen under the microscope: to weight individual variances against general signals and symptoms that agree with those of a recognized category of disease (de Avila Pires 2008). Failure to Recognize Mental States and Provide Required Support Radley (1994) reported that it was very difficult to live with illness in todays world where health is more than meeting the demands of specific tasks or fulfilling particular duties. Mental disorders may lead to the patient becoming socially isolated as was seen in Johns case. Figure 1. The patient suffering from chronic illness faces various modes of adjustment. (Figure adapted from Radley and Green 1985, cited in Radley 1994) According to the modes of adjustment to the chronic illness put forward by Radley and Green in 1985 (cited in Radley 1994) John was in the phase of active denial. He resisted the illness symptoms and participated in the normal life, treating his illness as of little importance. Even his colleagues failed to recognize his condition and complained calling Johns behaviour unprofessional. Factors that Pushed John to Seek Medical Help Despite Johns being a talented architect, he had already quit two good jobs. The reasons attributed to this may be an atmosphere of discriminative behaviour in the workplace. John had developed a stage of Bipolar disorder where regular attacks of mania took place. He might also have developed psychosis suggested by the novel ideas and strange behaviour. Johns brother, Michael actually got John to go back to the medicines. He tried to know what had happened and made sure John took his medicines regularly. Michael also managed to get John back to his consultant psychiatrist. So, it may be perceived that it was support of his brother, family support coupled with a discriminative behaviour at the workplace that pushed John to medications. Social Inequalities Disability and social inequality go hand in hand. The proof is well documented and evident in socio-economic circumstances (Nettleton 2006). Disabled people face many problems in their working life. In certain cases like accidents, a person may loose his value overnight while as, in case of recurrent illnesses, the patient goes through a gradual downfall Blaxter 1976). Lack of support from other people (family, friends, colleagues) often aggravates the medical condition of the patient (Radley 2004). Johns medical condition became a cause of concern for his employers and clients alike. He had to quit two jobs to cope with the situation. Despite having experience and impressive CV, John was not able to get a job at any of the five places he had applied to. Evidently, his revealing his bipolar disorder would have put his future employers on alert and thus the discrimination. Instead, of understanding Johns condition and helping him overcome his disability he was rejected every time. Community Care The World Health Organization recognizes primary health care to be effective in preventing illness. There has been a shift from primary health care to community care and this shift could be a result of three factors therapeutic, economic and reforms in the medical model (Busfield 1986, cited in Nettleton 2006). The entire concept of community care relies on the priority being given to the patient and not the disease. Social perceptions about the disability or the disabled, plays an important role in community-based rehabilitation. The term community care is used both in a perspective sense to related to how people should meet the health and social needs of the dependent people and also a description of the set of services that are currently provided (Stevenson 2008). Many people often object to being referred to as disabled. It leads to the segregation and often discrimination (Blaxter 1976). As was seen in Johns case, despite being an impressive architect he was refused job at five places, which he thought was because of him disclosing his bipolar disorder. The local authorities along with voluntary bodies are responsible for looking after the social needs of a disabled. This concept is based on the fact that community has to be involved in deciding the social needs of a disabled member and then making sure that those needs are taken care of in local conditions (Blaxter 1976). Michael, Johns brother played a major role in Johns rehabilitation. He understood his needs and convinced him to see his doctor. As is the concept of community care, Michael gave priority to his brother and his needs rather than his disease. The same cannot be said about his colleagues or his clients. Instead of understanding Johns special needs, they deemed him unfit to work with them. Cognitive Therapy of Depression Beck et al., (1979) defined cognitive therapy as an active, directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat various mental disorders. The rationale behind this definition is based on how a disabled person perceives and structures the world. His previous experiences and relation with other people affect his cognitions. For example, if a person interprets all his experiences in terms of whether he is competent or adequate, his thinking might be dominated by the schema, Unless I do everything perfectly, I am a failure. In such case he would react to all situations in terms of his competence even if those situations were not related to his competence in any way. Johns getting rejected at five interviews, despite of an impressive CV, made him feel disadvantaged. He thought it was due to his mental disorder. These inequalities made him want to conceal his illness and not reveal it unless it was specifically asked about. Chronic Illness People experience serious chronic illness in three ways: as an interruption of their lives, as an intrusive illness, and as immersion in illness. Rather, from their perspectives, illness disrupts their lives; it intrudes upon the day-frequently each day; it engulfs them (Charmaz 1997). Johns illness was an interruption in his life. He had to quit two jobs because of his illness and was further rejected a job at another five places due to his illness. Parsons Sick Role Theory According to Parson (1951), sickness is not merely a condition or a state of fact, it is rather a specifically patterned social role. The sick people have the right to be exempted from the normal social role. They cannot be blamed for their medical condition and have to be taken care of. On the other hand, they are expected to seek professional guidance and show a willingness to get well. The disabled people are either vulnerable and are often exploited by others or they may adopt deviance to evade responsibilities and can prove to be threat to the society. John was vulnerable. He tried to get well and used to take medication as well, but his colleagues blamed him for his condition. They often complained against him. Moreover, after quitting his job, he could not get another job due to his disability. Zolas Theory According to Zola (1973, cited in Scambler 2008) most of the patients would over look their symptoms for quite some time before consulting a doctor. He also found that there had to be something else a trigger apart from the symptoms to convince patients to seek medical intervention. The characterised five types of triggers First, the occurrence of an interpersonal crisis (e.g., death in the family), second, perceived interference with social or personal relations, third, sanctioning (pressure from others to consult), fourth, perceived interference with vocalization or physical activity, and fifth, a kind of temporalizing of symptomatology (the setting of deadline). Moreover, patients personal and social circumstances also affect the patients decision to seek help. Applying Zolas theory to Johns case, one would realize that John did overlook his symptoms. He used to deny his illness and stop his medication as soon as he felt better. It was sanctioning (pressure from his brother Michael) that acted as a trigger and convinced him to consult his psychiatrist and start his medication again. Conclusion A certain medical condition or disability refers to be presented with problems and face problems earning ones living or any other day to day activities. Many disabled people find it hard or lack the willingness to participate in the social activities. They isolate themselves from the society and in certain cases from family as well. But constant support from family and friends coupled with proper medication can help the patient recover and rise above his disability (Blaxter 1976). Bipolar disorder being a chronic mental disorder has serious consequences on patients in particular and their families and societies in general. Effective treatment for bipolar disorder is available, but patients often hesitate to report their condition due to various social, economic and personal barriers. Patients often go into self-denial and try to remain away from social activities. There are two ways of caring for the bipolar disordered person; one, primary healthcare, that is consulting a general physician or a psychiatrist and second being community care. Concerted efforts on all levels (patient, family, community, healthcare provider and government) are required to improve the quality of care among the bipolar community (Bhugra and Flick, 2005). Apart from the professional help, self-help can greatly improve the condition of a person with bipolar disorder. The patient should learn about his condition. It will help him understand his needs better as well as help him in recovery. They should try and avoid stress, participate in social activities and indulge in hobbies. The patient should keep a track of his mood swings and watch out for the symptoms that have deleterious effects on their mood. Doing so would help them prepare better for adverse conditions. Maintaining a healthy schedule (healthy food habits, exercising, and proper sleep) can greatly influence the moods of a patient (Smith et al., 2009). References: Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, and Emery G. 1979. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, The Guilford Press Bhugra D. and Flick GR. 2005. Pathways to care for patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 7; 236-245 Blaxter M, 1976. The meaning of disability. London. Heinemann. CABF (Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation), Educating the Child with Bipolar Disorder, 2007 Charmaz K. 1997. Good Days, Bad Days-Illness and Time. USA, Rutgers University Press de Avila-Pires FD. 2008. On the concept of disease. Revista de Historia Humanidades Medicas, Vol. 4, No. 1 Foucault M. 1972. Histoire de la folie à   là ¢ge classique, Paris, Gallimard Goffman E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identities Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. 2005. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593-602.) Landy D. [Ed.], 1997. Culture, disease, and healing. Studies in medical anthropology. NewYork, Macmillan Macnair T. 2008. Bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/bipolar1.shtml [Accessed on 12/01/20101] Nettleton S. 2006. The Sociology of Health and Illness; Cambridge, Polity Press NHS 2009. Bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Bipolar-disorder/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed on 12/01/2010] Parson T. 1951. The Social System. New York, Free Press. Radley A. 1994. Making sense of illness. London, SAGE Publications  Ã‚   Rosen G. 1968   Madness in Society. Chapters in the historical sociology of mental illness, New York, Harper Row Saracci R.1997. The world health organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health BMJ1997;314:1409 Scambler G, 2004. A jigsaw model of health-related stigma, University College of London Scambler G. [Ed.] 2008, Sociology as applied to medicine. (6th ed.) Saunders, Elsevier Scheff T. 1979. Decision rules, types of error, and their consequences in medical diagnosis. In Albrecht G. and Higgins P. [Eds.] Health, Illness, and Medicine. A reader in medical sociology, Chicago, Rand McNally, pp. 313-326. Smith M, Segal J, and Segal R. 2009. Understanding bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/bipolar_disorder_symptoms_treatment.htm [Accessed on 13/10/2010] Temple LK, McLeod R, Gallinger S, and Wright J. 2001. Defining disease in the genomics era. Science, Vol. 293, No. 5531, New York, pp. 807-808

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World Essay -- American Ame

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World If science has taught us anything, it is that one event invariably effects countless others. This is no more evident than when a species is introduced into a new environment. Once a foreign species finds itself in new surroundings, it can either die or adapt. Often, these introduced species take over the environment, irrevocably changing it to fit their needs. This usually leads to a serious deteriorating in the well being of species currently existing there. Such is the case as when the Europeans introduced themselves to the New World. The new arrivals not only brought themselves, their technologies, and ways of life, but, most disastrously, their diseases arrived as well. When the Europeans crossed the Atlantic, they not only fought and killed many natives; they slaughtered countless more without even knowing it, signing the death warrants of millions simply by meeting . The real detrimental effect to the Indians was their exposure to the diseases inadvertently brought over by the colonists; these "most hideous enemies†¦invisible killers which those men brought in their blood and breath." (Stannard, xii) The effect of these diseases in the New World (and in fact, many diseases have in general) is rather ironic. The pathogens that cause disease are not out to kill anything, quite the opposite. The whole purpose for anything existing in this world is to pass its genetic material on to offspring. This concept is called fitness. For an organism to be optimally fit, it must survive so it can successfully multiply as often as it can, creating numerous kin so that its genes will live on generations past its own death. For viruses to live, they need a host. They infect an org... ... Stannard, David, E. 1992. American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press. 385pp Cowley, Geoffrey. 1992. "The Great Disease Migration." Newsweek. Fall/Winter, vol. 118. Pg. 54(3) Crosby, Alfred, W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism. Cambridge University Press. 368pp Meltzer, David J. 1992. "How Columbus sickened the New World." New Scientist, Oct. 10. Vol.136, pg.38 (4) Linton, Alan. 1982. Microbes, Man and Animals: The Natural History of Microbial Interactions. John Wiley & Sons. 342pp Sale, Kirkpatrick. 1991. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Plume. 453pp. Unknown, Discover Staff. 1996. "The origin of Syphilis." Discover. October. Vol. 17, n10, pg23 (3) Glick, J, Schaffer, C. 1991. "The Indian Homeland." U.S. News and World Report. July 8, vol.111, n2, pg26 (6)

The Subtle Body System Health And Social Care Essay

The Subtle Body System is made of 7 energy beds that can be found in the energy field, or aura, around a individual ‘s physical organic structure. Each of these beds has a different quiver and it is connected to one of the 7 chief chakras. See below a diagram of the Subtle Body System. These beds are of import to our wellbeing because they are frequently connected to the physical, psychological, and emotional operation and esthesiss of the physical organic structure. These beds are made of miniscule lines of energy, and are sensitive to alter. They can impact and be affected by other beds, and illness in the physical organic structure. While some beds cover all anatomic countries and variety meats of the physical organic structure, others will protect the religious and psychological domains. Problems in theses beds will be manifested in the physical organic structure of a individual. The Seventh Layer ( The Ketheric Template or Causal Body ) This is the mental degree of the religious plane ( whereas the heavenly organic structure is the emotional degree of the religious plane ) . This organic structure contains all the other organic structures within it and extends up to three and a half pess from the organic structure, frequently in the form of an egg. Its construction is made of a gold, or silvery-gold, and appears as a grid type construction, which is really lasting. It pulsates and vibrates at a really high velocity and within this degree ; we â€Å" know † we are one with God. This organic structure besides contains the chief Kundalini force that runs up and down the organic structure. First Layer ( The Etheric Body ) This is the closest energy organic structure to the physical. It is what is made apparent through Kirlian picture taking. The etheric organic structure extends one one-fourth to two inches beyond the physical organic structure and pulsates at about 15-20 rhythms per minute. The full organic structure, including variety meats, can be perceived but it is made of a blue ( emotional ) or grey visible radiation ( extremely active ) .Subtle Body SystemsSecond Layer ( The Emotional Body ) Since this is the emotional organic structure, it is associated with feelings. It is more unstable in nature, and does non double the organic structure, as does the etheric organic structure. This organic structure is about one to three inches from the physical organic structure. Unlike the etheric organic structure, which is bluish or gray in nature, this is more like coloured clouds that change color depending on what sort of emotions the individual is traveling through. Love, joy, exhilaration, and even anger will ensue in really superb chromaticities, whereas confused emotions will ensue in muddy tones. This organic structure contains all the colors in the rainbow. The Sixth Layer ( The Celestial Body ) This is the religious emotional plane where a individual will experience things such as cloud nine, and religious rapture. When we reach the topographic point of Godhead love, interconnection ( by and large through deep speculation ) we are touching on this plane, which is felt through our heavenly organic structure. When we raise our degree of consciousness, or consciousness, to the 6th degree of the aura, we have allowed a connexion to go on from the bosom chakra and the heavenly chakra. Through this, we can love non merely our fellow adult male ( the bosom chakra ) but do so with godly love ( heavenly chakra ) . The colors of this organic structure are really soft in nature ( pastel ) and glow quietly from the organic structure. Third Layer ( The Mental Body ) With an even more elusive composing, the mental organic structure holds our ideas and mental procedures. It extends three to eight inches from the organic structure, and by and large has a xanthous visible radiation, which radiates around the caput and shoulders, and extends to the organic structure below. This yellow will lighten up if a individual is deep in idea, or concentrating on mental activities. Although the coloring material associated with this organic structure is xanthous, other colorss are apparent if there is an emotion associated with the idea ( stemming from the emotional organic structure ) . The Fifth Layer ( The Etheric Body ) This is what you would name a templet for the lower templet organic structure ( the first organic structure referenced ) . This is the templet that exists before the physical organic structure is formed. Although this co-exists in a different dimension, it besides extends one and one half to two pess from the organic structure and can merely be seen by clairvoyants and really advanced therapists. This is an of import bed in mending if the lower etheric organic structure becomes disfigured as this is the true edifice block to the lower etheric. This templet has a dark blue chromaticity to it. Fourth Layer ( The Astral degree ) This is the true span to the religious plane! When we start to work with this plane, and supra, our perceptual experience and abilities leap from the physical to the subtle. Here we will get down to comprehend energies that are non of this vibrational frequence. The organic structure of the stellar is composed of gorgeous clouds of coloring material, which extend six inches or one pes from the organic structure. Not merely does it hold the same colors of the rainbow like the emotional organic structure, but a pink, or rose chromaticity is frequently present with these colorss, particularly if the individual is a loving one. The stellar plane is besides called the â€Å" emotional † plane, which ties it strongly to the bosom chakra and the 2nd subtle organic structure ( the emotional organic structure ) . Because it is so closely tied to the emotions, when people fall in love, great chromaticities of pink can be seen hiting from their bosom chakra. This is besides why when we a re in the stellar, our emotions are greatly enhanced either manner. When I am with my love in the stellar, it is by and large free of any lower organic structure emotions, and our love is able to flux, without limitation.Why is it of import non to know apart between clients ( or co-workers ) and esteem their cultural background?Discriminating is against the jurisprudence, and everyone has the right to similar intervention. Discrimination comes in varied formats and we need to be cognizant of the little behaviors, words or thoughts that might pique people and their cultural background. We need to look everyone the same manner. If healers discriminate, they can be taken to tribunal, and even lose their licence. Besides, as good professionals and healers we should non know apart because we need people to come back and their regard. If we discriminate people we will lose their regard for ourselves and our work. If a healer does non hold clients or co-workers to work with, they will hold to close their concern. Furthermore, if a healer discriminates he/she will convey negativeness to their work. That feeling and attitude will alter the class of a therapy, and may even convey opposing consequences to the 1s desired. If a healer is ever discriminatory and negative, people will non come back and their concern will endure.How might you have to accommodate processs when giving interventions to a member of the opposite sex ; a minor, or person from a different cultural background?Adapting processs can come in assorted formats. For illustration, if handling bush leagues they have to ever be accompanied by their parents or responsible relation. Either the relations will be in the room detecting the intervention, or they can be outside the room with the door unfastened where they can detect from a certain distance. I would besides hold to explicate the child, prior to the intervention, what the intervention entitles and in an accessible format. Crystals have to be adapted to the kid in footings of s ize, weight, and that crystals do non hold excessively strong energy that the childs can non manage. To handle people of the opposite sex I would supply the client all available information, to explicate that certain crystals would be put into certain countries of the organic structure. I would offer and blanket or towel to cover the individual ‘s organic structure, to do certain the individual is experiencing comfy and safe, and to avoid touching countries of their organic structure whilst puting or taking crystals. I could disrupt the intervention if the lady needed to utilize the lavatory for personal grounds, for illustration if they were pregnant or had the period. When handling people from a different cultural background, I would do certain that any of my information or parts of the intervention would non pique the individual. For illustration, if the individual was an atheist or agnostic, and did non believe in angels, I would non advert any of that to them. On the other manus, if the individual is a Buddhist or Hindu, I would non advert God to them, to esteem their ain beliefs. However if they asked I would be ever available to reply any of their inquiries with honestness and unity.What statute law exists to forestall favoritism on evidences of sex, race, faith or disablement?Peoples who provide services or installations to the populace or a subdivision of the populace must non know apart on evidences of sex, race, faith or disablement in declining or intentionally excluding to supply services or installations to others. There are other types of favoritism, sing sexual orientation, gender and age. There are some exclusions covered by the jur isprudence, but in general, everyone should be given the right to entree services independently of their diverseness. This means, if a healer breaks the jurisprudence they can be taken to tribunal, and they can be fined or their services stopped. The chief relevant act in disputing favoritism is the Human Rights Act 1998, which incorporates the rights contained in the European Convention of Human Rights in the UK jurisprudence. However this Act is more relevant for public organic structures, such as constabularies, local governments, or other private organic structures exerting public maps. In certain circumstance favoritism needs to be achieved, for illustration if an organisation needs to use a adult female to provide for female customers/clients. Other illustration of justified favoritism would be an organisation who would merely accept a healer if they trained in the UK. Furthermore, a healer may decline to see a client if they are under age, or have certain conditions, such as epilepsy, or are even pregnant. These types of favoritism would necessitate to be justified and made clear during first contact between client and healer. Otherwise, statute law to protect people from favoritism is as follows, including to protect from direct and indirect favoritism, positive and negative favoritism, exploitation and torment. Sexual activity Discrimination – It is improper to know apart against person on evidences that they are female or male, on evidences that they are pregnant, on evidences of their matrimonial position or on evidences of their gender reassignment position ( i.e. whether the individual has undergone, or programs to undergo, gender reassignment ) .A The chief pieces of statute law here are the Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1976.A As with many of the anti-discrimination Acts, these pieces of statute law have been amended several times since they were foremost introduced. In some circumstance I could decline to see a client who is pregnant or merely been into recent childbearing, with the justification that the therapy is unsuitable due to the degrees of energy involved. ACHO codification of behavior provinces: Practitioners must non go to adult females in childbearing or handle them for 10 yearss thenceforth unless they hold an appropriate making in obstetrics. Race Discrimination – The Race Relations Act 1976 is the chief piece of statute law, and screens race favoritism in employment, preparation, instruction, lodging, proviso of goods and services, and advertisement. This means that it is improper to know apart against person on evidences of their: race ( e.g. whether they are African or Caucasic ) , their coloring material ( e.g. whether they are black or white ) , nationality ( e.g. whether person is Polish or Indian ) , their national beginning ( e.g. whether person is Scots or English ) or their cultural beginning ( e.g. whether person is a Gypsy Traveller ) . In 2001 this act was amended by the Race Relations Act 2000 to include favoritism by all public organic structures. As a healer it would be against the jurisprudence to handle person different because of any facet of their race, unless this would collide with their wants or civilization. I could accommodate a service to provide for a client specific demand, but I could n on do the intervention less or more just because of their race. I could know apart in declining and intervention if a client asked me to supply a peculiar service to which I would non be to the full trained. Religious Discrimination – It is improper to know apart against person because of their faith or belief. The chief pieces of statute law here are the Employment Equality ( Religion or Belief ) Regulations 2003 and the Equality Act 2006. Again, employment issues and the bringing of educational chances, goods and services are covered by these ordinances. Everyone is covered by the ordinances, irrespective of whether or non they have a spiritual belief. It is hence possible to be unlawfully discriminated against because you do non hold a spiritual belief ( e.g. because you are an atheist ) . So, once more whilst supplying a service I have to do certain I treat my client reasonably irrespectively of their personal beliefs. My therapy should so non be guided by a peculiar religion, but be holistic in attack and eclectic in nature. Disability Discrimination – The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 ( DDA ) protects handicapped people from discrimination.A In kernel, a handicapped individual is defined as being anyone who has a long-run mental or physical damage which has a important impact on the individual ‘s ability to transport out usually daily activities.A This is a wide definition, which does non merely cover people with a centripetal damage ( e.g. person who is deaf, hard of hearing, blind or partially-sighted ) or person with a mobility impairment.A It can besides cover people with important mental wellness troubles, person with a important facial disfiguration, or person with a long-run medical status – such as HIV, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes or epilepsy. However, in certain circumstance a healer may decline to handle people with certain mental damage or under alcohol/drug influence. For illustration, the ACHO codification of behavior provinces â€Å" Discretion must be used for the protection of the practician when transporting out private intervention with patients/clients who are mentally unstable, addicted to drugs, intoxicant, badly down, self-destructive or enduring from hallucinations. Such patients/clients must be treated merely by a practician with relevant competence. A practician must non handle a patient/client in any instance which exceeds their capacity, preparation and competency. Where appropriate, the practician must rede referral to a more qualified individual. † This discretion is for the protection of both practician and client.What is meant by a Code of Conduct? Give illustrations of how this might impact you as a healer?A Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines to pass on an outlook of ethical behavior to members of an organisation. For illustration, therapists that pattern under a regulative organic structure will hold a codification of behavior to steer them. In this instance duty for ethical behavior is a personal duty and every practician will be held accountable for his or her behavior. The Code of Conduct is a model within which all healers are expected to run. Although a Code of Conduct addresses a figure of specific issues, it should non be regarded as a comprehensive listing of conformity issues. Alternatively, the Code of Conduct should be regarded as a steering rule that applies to everything that we do. As a healer I am bound by the contents of the Code of Conduct. For illustration: I should maintain client confidentiality, and ne'er unwrap personal inside informations about clients in ways which the information can be linked to the patient unless required to make so under statutory authorization or at the petition of a legal authorization, such as a justice, or in the public involvement. If I break this regulation I can be taken to tribunal, be prosecuted and loose rank of the organisation. Detailss of clients medical status, history, current medicine and intervention ( if any ) along with intervention, advancement and notes, peculiarly if an incident occurs, must be written down for mention. This could be critical if any incident resulting from intervention goes to tribunal, and can protect my work if I was non responsible for the incident or unwellness. Therapists should hold appropriate professional liability insurance screen for their work. This is besides reassuring to the organisation and clients that I am serious about my work.Why should you non seek to name medical conditions?First of all, I am non medically trained to make so. It is non portion of this therapy to name any medical conditions. I understand that some people may be medically trained, but since this therapy is portion of the complementary wellness scope it is non appropriate to name any medical conditions with the limited cognition or appraisals used in crystal therapy. Even if I found that by utilizing my custodies or a crystal a client had some specific jobs I would non propose to the client any earnestness of any country, instead to see their physician if they complained about it to me.Which professional organic structures could you fall in? What would be the advantages of fall ining one of these administrations?At present there is no statutory regulative organ ic structure that requires all crystal healers to register. Besides, crystal therapy is non a protected profession and the rubric is non being regulated by the authorities. Alternatively, at present, there are many organisations with voluntary registries and healers may fall in. Each organisation has their ain rank standards and preparation demands, and some of these organisations will merely accept healers who have studied in their ain approved schools or class suppliers. For illustration, the class supplier for this class is associated with the Affiliation of Crystal Healing Organisations ( ACHO ) , and follows their ain Code of Conduct and rank standards. ACHO besides holds their ain voluntary registry for healers, and people may fall in to demo they are ethical and are interested in protecting the populace from mal-practice. At this point I would presume that organisations may hold with most portion of their codifications of behavior and Ethical motives, in specific for the protection of the populace and the advancement of the profession. Unfortunately, the diverseness of such organic structures, and the relaxation in which some accept any healer, may antagonize with reassuring the populace that a certain healer might be more or less ethical than others. However, any organisation that holds a registry is a soothing manner to demo other professions and the populace that they are serious about what they do, and their healers follow their codification of behavior, are qualified to a good criterion, and keep some kind of insurance. Examples of organisations I, or anyone practicing crystal therapy, could fall in are: PRACTITIONER REGISTER FOR HOLISTIC THERAPY – The Practitioner Register for Holistic Therapies is unfastened to all Practitioners, which have achieved the criterion set by the association.A The association sets a Code of behavior and a grudge process. PRHT, is a Member Organisation of the British Complementary Medicine Association ( BCMA ) – www.bcma.co.uk. Their website isA hypertext transfer protocol: //www.christinestar.org.uk/PRHT.html. Association of Energy Therapists – Membership of the Association is unfastened to good develop experient practicians in a comprehensive scope of energy therapies, integrating an energy component in their nucleus methodological analysis. Their web site is: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energytherapists.org.uk/join.html The Healer Foundation – Membership is unfastened for new members and we welcome attacks from qualified healers across UK. Their web site is: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healerfound.co.uk/joinus.htm Affiliation of Crystal Healing Organisations ( ACHO ) – promotes preparation and competency in crystal healing therapy and to move as portion of a nationally recognised representative organic structure for crystal healing. ACHO is a member of the British Crystal Healers ( BCH ) , which is the lead organic structure for crystal therapy and member of the General Regulatory Council for Complementary Therapies ( GRCCT ) . ACHO maintains a Practitioner Register of qualified crystal therapists throughout the U.K. Their web site is: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crystal-healing.org. Crystal and Healing Federation ( CHF ) – an umbrella organisation whose intent is to put and uphold changeless high professional criterions of preparation and pattern in the undermentioned Fieldss. They hold a Practitioner Register of qualified crystal therapists. The CHF is a member of the British Crystal Healers ( BCH ) and the Complementary Medical Association ( CMA ) . Their web site is: hypertext transfer protocol: //new.crystalandhealing.com/ Benefits of fall ining one of these organisations include:Community experience and Peer supportThe chance to be portion of a web of like- minded equals and co-workers.Be in their website registryThis means the pattern is approved, more concern, ethical, and reassuring to the populace. Clients can happen you either from the regional listing or straight after seeking the cyberspacePromotion for the therapyAdvertise to web members and to the populace on the organisation ‘s web site and via bases at complementary wellness carnivalsOccasional meetingsMeet co-workers, exchange experiences and thoughtsCPD & A ; ongoing preparationKeep your making and develop your accomplishments with a pick of workshops and meetings that qualify for CPDLearn new therapy accomplishmentsSometimes other instruction programmes are developed to supply an extended scope of developing from one-day workshops to a two- twelvemonth Professional Healer Practitioner CoursePrivileged insurance ratesSpecially negot iated with a taking insurance company – frequently better value than traditional insurance companiesMembership recognized and accepted by other allied organisationsAn confederation with the taking and ethical umbrella group for crystal healing and holistic therapies.Guidelines For Good PracticeA manual covering ethical and legal guidelines for complementary patternAction for future ordinanceWorking in partnership with other organisations in readying for future authorities ordinance that will one twenty-four hours impact all healers.List the benefits of networking and pass oning with other professional healers?One of the chief benefits is to larn from each other, to acquire peer support from more experient practicians, and to guarantee that together as a group we make this therapy more well-thought-of and recognizable by the populace and by other organisations. Sometimes I have inquiries and uncertainties, and if I have entree to other people ‘s cognition I will larn and turn and go a better healer. Other practicians might hold other ways of working that would profit me excessively. Besides, other practicians might hold clients with households and relations in my country, who might be looking for a dependable healer. If I show myself as a respectful and integrative healer to my co-workers, I will hold more opportunities that they will state their clients to state their friends and relations who live in my country to see me.How could you do a professional contact with all parts of the community to promote integrating and common regard?I think that by take parting in activities that involve holistic healing, and particularly crystal therapy, by interchanging thoughts, and give a good illustration and free taste testers, will promote people to look more for this therapy. Besides, sharing information with people allows them to larn and acquire involved. Puting up a good illustration in the community shows people that crystal therapy is more than merely a pattern ; it is a manner of life. I besides think that by taking portion in conferences is a good manner to sprea d out cognition and webs. I could besides intercede with healer of other patterns, and even my local GP pattern, to publicize my work. This would let other practician and ballad people, who can frequently be doubting of crystal therapy, to admit that my work and I would hold a topographic point in the complex field of wellness therapies. Above everything, if I uphold an honest, forward-thinking, and ethical attack to my work, other professionals and general populace will turn regard for me.List some thoughts on how you could advance your professional intervention service in the local community?Ad in local newspapers and magazines Word of oral cavity through old clients and friends Internet web site Talking to local holistic stores and complementary wellness clinics Distributing cusps and brochures in the street Offer services in my local GP pattern Free taste testers in local shows, or even at place Volunteer work Offering free Sessionss to clients if they introduce a friend

A Summary Of Gene Therapy Essays - Molecular Biology, Gene Delivery

A Summary Of Gene Therapy Essays - Molecular Biology, Gene Delivery A Summary Of Gene Therapy A SUMMARY OF GENE THERAPY Many diseases seen today are the result of a defective gene in the DNA of the patient and can not be cured using the traditional methods such as antibiotics and antiviral medication. The victims are now looking to gene therapy as a potential cure for their problems. Bob Williamson introduces us the concept, procedures, and problems associated with gene therapy in his article, Gene Therapy. Along with the appearance of the recombinant DNA technology, it becomes possible for human beings to isolate, study, and change gene in the laboratory. Gene Therapy is the process of replacing a defective gene inside a patients DNA with a working gene that will produce the correct gene products. The genetic diseases in which a single known gene does not function properly, such as sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, are most suitable to be treated with the gene therapy. There are two types of gene therapy in curing these diseases, patient therapy and embryo therapy. In the process of the patient therapy, the first step is identifying the defective gene and isolating a normal counterpart. To obtain correct gene action, it may be necessary to put it into the correct site on the host cell chromosome, or even to delete the defective gene, and the DNA can then be replicated each time the host cell divided. But if the new cell is injected directly into the patients body, it will be subject to the bodys immune system that will recognize it as foreign and target it to be destroyed along with the healthy DNA that it is carrying. So the cells extracted from the patient are to be treated and adding the new gene in a test tube in the laboratory to make sure that the DNA is inserted in an appropriate place in the genome, and the cells can then be returned to the patients body. Now it is possible to offer the parents an antenatal diagnosis to look over if the fetus is affected by some single gene defects. If it does, the parents can choose embryo therapy to cure it rather then abortion. While the basic process is similar with the one of patient therapy, to do an embryo therapy is a little bit easier than a patient therapy, because the immune rejection system of the embryo is not fully developed. The new DNA will not be ejected, while the former DNA will be altered. Gene therapy seems to be a promising and positive step for the medical community, but ethical questions arise every day as we discover more and more about the contents of the human genome. Does any person, whether well or ill, deserve respect as an individual? If the answer is affirmative, then carrying out experiments on patients, as Dr. Martin Cline of the University of California attempted to do in 1980, is fundamentally unethical. The clinicians must examine their own consciences and decide whether they behaved correctly and with full knowledge of the proposed treatment. Society has decided that part of it is that a termination of pregnancy before approximately 3 months is allowable if the child would suffer a serious handicap, but how to define a serious handicap. Is it ethical to terminate the pregnancy, if there is still a chance for the embryo to be normal? As the treatment of an early embryo will alter its inheritance, whether gene therapy poses long-term genetic problems to human inheritance? These are questions that will have to be answered by both the medical community and the patients, and there are no clear precedents at this time. Gene therapy has a promising potential to improve the lives of those who have diseases that have until now been death sentenced, but to take it into real practice human beings still have a long way to go.